REC 3010 HUMAN MOVEMENT

THE STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE/FASCICLES

AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST MUSCLES

Upper Trapezius Middle Trapezius Serratus Anterior Lower Trapezius Levator Scapulae Rhomboid Minor Rhomboid Major Agonist-Antagonist Muscles The Upper Trapezius and the Lower Trapezius have an Agonist-Antagonist relationship

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Glenohumeral joint Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Subscapularis Agonist-Antagonist Muscles The Subscapularis and the Supraspinatus/Infraspinatus/Teres Minor have a Agonist Antagonist relationship

External Abdominal Oblique Internal Abdominal Oblique Pectoralis Major Rectus Abdominal Transverse Abdominis Tendinous Transcriptions Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis The muscles of the Abdominals are opposite the Lower Back The Transverse Abdominals are opposite each other

Biceps Femorus Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedialis Vastus Lateralis Semimembranosus Semitendonosus There are some interesting Agonist Antagonist relations between the Hip Extensors and the Hip Flexors

AGONIST/ANTAGONIST STRENGTH RATIOS

ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS (SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY)

ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS

SARCOMERE DIAGRAM

MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE IN ACTION

MUSCLE CONTRACTION/RELAXATION

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

PRODUCING A MUSCLE ACTION

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION *CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION -muscle acts as moving force -muscle shortens creating tension -motion is created *ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION -muscle acts as a resistive force -external force exceeds contractive force -muscle lengthens & motion is slowed ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION - -muscle tension is created with no movement -resistance comes from opposing muscle, gravity or an immoveable object -motion is prevented by equal opposing forces

There are three lever classes. The body operates primarily as a series of third-class levers, with only a few first- and second- class levers. – Force (F) acts between the axis (X) and the resistance (R) WHICH MUSCLES ACT AS 1 ST & 2 ND ?

1 ST CLASS LEVER 2 ND CLASS LEVER 3 RD CLASS LEVER LEVERS OF THE BODY

1 ST CLASS LEVER

2 ND CLASS LEVER THE BALL OF FOOT ACTS AS FULCRUM OR AXIS OF ROTATION THE FOOT ACTS AS THE RESISTANCE ARM WHEN THE CALF CONTRACTS IT PROVIDES THE EFFORT FORCE THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY PROVIDES THE REISISTANCE LOAD

7 Principles of Biomechanics Principle #1: Stability The lower the center of mass the larger the base of support the closer the center of mass to the base of support & the greater the mass The more stability increases Example: Sumo Wrestler Principle #2: Maximum Effort The production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the tasks objective Example: Bench Press or Golf

Principle #3: Maximum Velocity The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order from largest to smallest Example: Slap Shot or Golf Drive Principle #4: Linear Motion The greater the applied impulse the greater the increase in velocity Example: Slam Dunking in Basketball Principle #5: Linear Motion Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite of the applied force Example: High Jumper, Runners & Cyclists

Principle #6: Angular Motion Angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is, by torque The production of Angular Motion Example: Baseball Pitcher Principle #7: Angular Momentum Angular Momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air. Once an athlete is airborne, he or she will travel with a constant angular momentum. Example: Divers

Anatomical, Directional, and Regional Terms

Movement of the Skeleton There are three main types of joints: – Fibrous joints – Cartilaginous joints – Synovial joints Synovial joint movement occurs within the three planes of motion: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. – Movement occurs along the joint’s axis of rotation, where the plane of movement is generally perpendicular to the axis. – Uniplanar joints (hinge joints) allow movement in only one plane. – Biplanar joints allow movement in two planes that are perpendicular to each other. – Multiplanar joints allow movement in all three planes.

Movement in the Sagittal Plane  The sagittal plane runs anterior-posterior, dividing the body into left and right sections.  Movements that involve rotation about a mediolateral axis occur in the sagittal plane. Examples include: – Flexion – Extension – Dorsiflexion – Plantarflexion

Movement in the Frontal Plane The frontal plane runs laterally, dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections. Movements that involve rotation about an anteroposterior axis occur in the frontal plane. Examples include: – Abduction – Adduction – Elevation – Depression – Inversion – Eversion

Movement in the Transverse Plane  The transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior sections.  Movements that involve rotation about a longitudinal axis occur in the transverse plane. Examples include: – Rotation – Pronation – Supination – Horizontal flexion – Horizontal extension

Movement of Synovial Joints

Angular Movements *Flexion *Extension *Abduction *Adduction

Circular Movements *Circumduction *Rotation

Movements Special to the Shoulder *Protraction *Retraction *Elevation *Depression

Movements Special to the Ankle *Inversion *Eversion *Dorsiflexion *Planterflexion

Anatomical Position