Reproduction

Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora Figure 46.10a Oviduct Ovary Uterus (Urinary bladder) (Pubic bone) (Rectum) Urethra Cervix Body Vagina Glans Clitoris Figure 46.10 Reproductive anatomy of the human female. Prepuce Major vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labia minora Labia majora Vaginal opening

Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall Figure 46.10b Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterus Uterine wall Endometrium Cervix Figure 46.10 Reproductive anatomy of the human female. Vagina

Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I Figure 46.12bb Primordial germ cell In embryo Mitotic divisions 2n Oogonium Mitotic divisions Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II First polar body n n Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II Ovulation, sperm entry Figure 46.12 Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Completion of meiosis II Second polar body n Fertilized egg n

Degenerating corpus luteum Figure 46.13 (a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone Hypothalamus  Stimulated by high levels of estradiol 1 GnRH  Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of estradiol  2 FSH LH (b) Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH FSH 3 FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation (c) Ovarian cycle 7 8 Growing follicle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Maturing follicle Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4 (d) Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge (see ) 5 6 Figure 46.13 The reproductive cycle of the human female. 10 Estradiol 9 Progesterone Estradiol level very low Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium (e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle Endometrium Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

Control by hypothalamus Figure 46.13a (a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone Hypothalamus  Stimulated by high levels of estradiol  1 GnRH Anterior pituitary Inhibited by low levels of estradiol  2 FSH LH Figure 46.13 The reproductive cycle of the human female.

Degenerating corpus luteum Figure 46.13b (b) Pituitary gonadotropins in blood 6 LH FSH 3 FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation (c) Ovarian cycle 7 8 Figure 46.13 The reproductive cycle of the human female. Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Growing follicle Maturing follicle Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Figure 46.13c Estradiol secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estradiol secreted by corpus luteum 4 (d) Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge (see ) 6 5 10 9 Estradiol Progesterone Estradiol level very low Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium (e) Uterine (menstrual) cycle Figure 46.13 The reproductive cycle of the human female. Endometrium (e) Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase Secretory phase Days 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

(Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) (Rectum) (Pubic bone) Figure 46.11b (Urinary bladder) Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct) (Rectum) (Pubic bone) Vas deferens Erectile tissue Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Figure 46.11 Reproductive anatomy of the human male. Urethra Penis Bulbourethral gland Vas deferens Glans Epididymis Testis Prepuce Scrotum

Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte Figure 46.12aa Epididymis Seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell nucleus Spermato- gonium Primary spermatocyte Testis Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte Spermatids (two stages) Figure 46.12 Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Sperm cell Lumen of seminiferous tubule

Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions Figure 46.12ab Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions Spermatogonial stem cell 2n Mitotic divisions Spermatogonium 2n Mitotic divisions Primary spermatocyte 2n Meiosis I Secondary spermatocyte n n Meiosis II Figure 46.12 Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Early spermatid n n n n Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients) Sperm cell n n n n

Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Mitochondria Figure 46.12ac Neck Tail Midpiece Head Plasma membrane Acrosome Nucleus Figure 46.12 Exploring: Human Gametogenesis Mitochondria

 Hypothalamus GnRH   Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback Figure 46.14  Hypothalamus GnRH   Anterior pituitary FSH LH Negative feedback Negative feedback Sertoli cells Leydig cells Figure 46.14 Hormonal control of the testes. Inhibin Spermatogenesis Testosterone Testis

Seminal vesicle (behind bladder) Figure 46.11a Seminal vesicle (behind bladder) (Urinary bladder) Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Erectile tissue of penis Figure 46.11 Reproductive anatomy of the human male. Scrotum Vas deferens Epididymis Testis

(a) From ovulation to implantation Figure 46.15 3 Cleavage 4 Cleavage continues Ovary 2 Fertilization Uterus 5 Implantation 1 Ovulation Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation Figure 46.15 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events. Endometrium Inner cell mass Cavity Blastocyst Trophoblast (b) Implantation of blastocyst

Basal body (centriole) Figure 47.3-1 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane

Basal body (centriole) Figure 47.3-2 Basal body (centriole) Sperm head Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane

Basal body (centriole) Figure 47.3-3 Sperm nucleus Acrosomal process Basal body (centriole) Actin filament Sperm head Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane

Basal body (centriole) Figure 47.3-4 Sperm plasma membrane Sperm nucleus Acrosomal process Basal body (centriole) Actin filament Sperm head Fused plasma membranes Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors Egg plasma membrane

Fertilization envelope Figure 47.3-5 Sperm plasma membrane Sperm nucleus Fertilization envelope Acrosomal process Basal body (centriole) Actin filament Sperm head Cortical granule Fused plasma membranes Figure 47.3 The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization. Acrosome Hydrolytic enzymes Perivitelline space Jelly coat Vitelline layer Sperm-binding receptors EGG CYTOPLASM Egg plasma membrane

(a) From ovulation to implantation Figure 46.15 3 Cleavage 4 Cleavage continues Ovary 2 Fertilization Uterus 5 Implantation 1 Ovulation Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation Figure 46.15 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events. Endometrium Inner cell mass Cavity Blastocyst Trophoblast (b) Implantation of blastocyst

(a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula Figure 47.6 50 m (a) Fertilized egg (b) Four-cell stage (c) Early blastula (d) Later blastula Figure 47.6 Cleavage in an echinoderm embryo.

from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary Figure 46.18 Estradiol Oxytocin  from ovaries from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary Activates oxytocin receptors on uterus Stimulates uterus to contract Positive feedback Stimulates placenta to make  Prostaglandins Figure 46.18 Positive feedback in labor. Stimulate more contractions of uterus