Thursday, October 20 th, 2011

 Similar to 1 st and 2 nd Conjugation in that it possesses a long stem vowel.  1 st Conjugation stem vowel = “-ā”.  2 nd Conjugation stem vowel = “-ē”.  4 th Conjugation stem vowel = “-ī”; retained throughout present, future, and imperfect tenses but is shortened bef0re vowels and final “t”.  Otherwise conjugates like 3 rd Conjugation.

 Audiō = I hear.  Audīs = You hear.  Audit = He,she, it hears.  Audīmus = We hear.  Audītis = You hear.  Audiunt = They here.  Note: Personal endings added to the verb stem “Audī –”; “-u-” retained in 3 rd person plural.

 Audiam = I shall hear.  Audiēs = You will hear.  Audiet = She, He, It will hear.  Audiēmus = We shall hear.  Audiētis = You will hear.  Audient = They will hear.  Note: “-e” = characteristic vowel of the future tense; same as 3 rd Conjugation; “-i” stem is retained.

 Audiēbam = I was hearing.  Audiēbās = You were hearing.  Audiēbat = She, He, It was hearing.  Audiēbāmus = We were hearing.  Audiēbātis = You were hearing.  Audiēbant = They were hearing.  Note: “-ba-” characteristic feature of the imperfect indicative active.

 Infinitive – Audīre = To hear.  Singular Imperative = Audī.  Plural Imperative = Audīte.  NOTE: Learn the pattern, but also memorize.

 Conjugates similarly to 4 th Conjugation verbs with a few notable differences.  The “-i” stem is always short.  Imperative ends in short “-e”.  Infinitive retains the short “-e” but not the “-i”.  Potential source of confusion because the infinitive suggests that the stem ends in “e”.

 Capiō = I take.  Capis = You take.  Capit = He/She/It takes.  Capimus = We take.  Capitis = You take.  Capiunt = They take.  Note: Short “i” retained throughout. The “u’ is retained in the third person plural; looks like a 4 th Conjugation; Distinguished by different infinitive.

 Capiam = I shall take.  Capiēs = You will take.  Capiet = He/She/It will take.  Capiēmus = We shall take.  Capiētis = You will take.  Capient = They will take.  Note: the stem ending in “-e” indicates the future tense on as in 3 rd and 4 th conjugation verbs.

 Capiebam = I was taking.  Capiebas = You were taking.  Capiebat = He/She/It was taking.  Capiebamus = We were taking.  Capiebatis = You were taking.  Capiebant = They were taking.  Note: “-ba-” indicates the imperfect, indicative tense as in all other conjugations

 Singular Imperative = Cape = Take!  Plural Imperative = Capite = Take!  Present Infinitive = Capere = To take.  Note: Infinitive is similar to 3 rd Conjugation (i.e. Agere “to do, act, drive etc.); distinguished from regular 3 rd Conjugation verbs by the “i” stem ending like a 4 th Conjugation verb.

 Nom – Ego = I.  Gen – Mei = of me.  Dat – Mihi = to/for me.  Acc – Me = me.  Abl – Me = by/with/from me.  Nom – Nos = we.  Gen - Nostrum/Nostri = of us.  Dat – Nobis = to/for us.  Acc – Nos = us.  Abl – Nobis = by/with/from us.  Nom – Tu = you.  Gen – Tui = of you.  Dat – Tibi = to/for you.  Acc – Te = you.  Abl – Te = by/with/from you.  Nom – Vos = You.  Gen – Vestrum/Vestri = of you.  Dat – Vobis = to/for you.  Acc – Vos = you.  Abl – Vobis = by/with/from you.

Nom Is = heEa = sheId = it Gen Eius = of himEius = of herEius = of it Dat Ei = to/for himEi = to/for herEi = to/for it Acc Eum = himEam = herId = it Abl Eo = by/with/from him Ea = by/with/from her Eo = by/with/from it Nom Ei, ii = theyEae = theyEa = they Gen Eorum = of themEarum = of themEorum = of them Dat Eis = to/for them Acc Eos = themEas = themEa = them Abl Eis = by/with/from them

 Pronouns are used in place of nouns; used in the same way as nouns are used.  The nominatives of ego and tu rarely used except for emphasis.  The preposition “cum” (with) is followed by a noun in the ablative; but it is attached to the end of the pronoun it modifies (i.e. not cum nobis “with us” but nobiscum “with us.”)  Genitives of ego and tu ARE NOT used to indicate possession; possessive pronouns meus, -a, um (my), noster, -tra, -trum (our), tuus, -a, -um (your, sing.), vester, -tra, -trum (your, pl.); declines like magnus, magna, magnum; must agree with noun they modify in gender, number, and case.  Genitives of is, ea, id CAN BE used to indicate possession (i.e. eorum/earum = their); do have to agree in gender, number, and case with the thing possessed – cf. p. 69.  Is, Ea, Id sometimes used as demonstratives (this, that) but in a less emphatic sense than hic, ille.

 Formed by adding suffix –dem to is, ea, id.  Therefore declines like is, ea, id with the exception accusative singular and genitive plural forms.  Can be used as adjectives and attached to nouns; must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case.  Cf. p. 71.