Stage 6 Notes

● puellae ambulant.servus laborat. ● leo dormit.mercatores currunt. ● So far in all five stages we have only seen verbs in the present tense. ● In stage six we will see verbs in two different past tenses. ● These tenses are called the imperfect and perfect tenses.

● Imperfect tense ● puellae ambulabant.servus laborabat. ● leo dormiebat.mercatores currebant. ● These verbs are part of the imperfect tense. ● The imperfect tense is recognized by the the infinitive stem + –ba ending plus a -t or -nt verb ending we have already learned about.

● This tense conveys an incomplete or uncompleted action that is going on for a length of time in the past. ● The imperfect tense is translated as- ● was/were (blank) ing ● sedebat- he was sitting, kept sitting, used to sit ● sedebant- they were sitting; kept sitting, used to sit

● To form the imperfect tense, take your stem from the infinitive by chopping off the -re and attach the letters -BA. ● Then stick the person indicators on the end! Lets conjugate laboro, laborare into the imperfect tense. What stem will we attach to the imp endings? labora-

● Form the imperfect tense of laboro, laborare, laboravi: to work. ● ● laboraBAMlaboraBAMUS ● laboraBASlaboraBATIS ● laboraBAT laboraBANT I was working, I used to work, I kept working you were working, you used to work...etc.

● Form the imperfect tense of video, vidēre, vidi: to see. ● videBAMvideBAMUS videBASvideBATIS videBATvideBANT

Imperfect for the verb “TO BE” = “esse” era + person indicators eraMeraMUS eraSeraTIS eraTeraNT I waswe were you wereyou all were he wasthey were

● the imperfect tense of ‘to be’ looks like this: ● Caecilius erat in foro. ● Caecilius was in the forum. ● puellae erant in villa. ● The girls were in the house.

Perfect tense ● puellae ambulaverunt.servus laboravit. ● leo dormivit.mercatores cucurrerunt. ● The verbs in the sentences above all belong to the perfect tense.

● The Perfect tense refers to something in the past tense that happened once and is finished. ● It is translated into English with the past tense ending -ed.

● The endings for the perfect tense are very different. A few still have the person indicators. Learn these! -i-imus -isti-istis -it-erunt ● You can identify the perfect tense by the third principle part of the verb

● The perfect tense is translated as (blank) ed. ● To form the perfect tense, take the third principle part and cut off the letter - i. ● Then attach the perfect endings ● What is the perfect stem of laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus? laborav-

● Form the perfect tense of voco, vocāre, vocavi: ● Drop the -i from the 3rd principal part and add the perfect endings. They are in red below: ● vocavIvocavIMUS vocavISTIvocavISTIS vocavITvocavERUNT

● Typically a verb listed in the dictionary will look like this: (pp = principal part) ● laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus 1st pp 2nd pp 3rd pp4th pp ● 1st pres, infin, 1st perfect, participle Cut off -re to get stem to attach to present and imperfect endings Cut off -i to get stem to attach to perfect endings