Georeferencing with Paper Maps Map Basics How to Georeferencing with Paper Maps Latitude and Longitude Mathematically Error Calculator (pay attention, you are doing this next!)

Pros and Cons of Paper Maps Necessary for certain localities, such as distances by road and topographic features, especially when GIS layers are not readily available Extents more readily obtained Old paper maps may be the only option for obtaining coordinates for historic localities Cons Time-consuming Good quality paper maps may be hard to find Map printing errors

Map of Canada’s Wonderland, N of Toronto, Canada 3

Map Basics Projection Map Anatomy: Citing Map as Georeferencing Source Scale Graticule Datum Citing Map as Georeferencing Source

Which compromise is right for the map? Projection Map projection is about rendering 3D into 2D.   Map projection is about compromises in order to preserve either area, linear distance or shape.  Which compromise is right for the map?

Projection Geographic Mercator preserves NS distance preserves shape (terrible for poles, distorts area)

Projection Winkel Tripel (NGS solution) reduced distortion in both area and distance

Projection “Butterfly” map – Cahill 1909 emphasis on symmetry preserves area, shape contiguous land masses

Projection: Regional Squat California (Geographic) vs. Equal-Area California (Teale Albers)

The Paper Map

Map Anatomy: Map Scale Header

Map Anatomy: Map Scale Usually recorded as a ratio, such as 1:100,000, or a fraction, such as 1/100:000 “Large scale” (Fine scale) maps, such as 1/10,000, show finer detail, less area “Small scale” (Broad scale) maps, such as 1/500,000, show less detail, greater area Think of “large” & “small” scale as the value of 1 in the fraction. Example 1/10,000 > 1/500,000

Map Anatomy: Map Scale 1:25,000 Large Scale Tofino tof 14

Map Anatomy: Map Scale 1:250,000 Smaller Scale 15

Map Anatomy: Map Scale 1:500,000 Smaller than before

Map Anatomy: Map Scale 1:1,000,000 Small Scale smaller than before 17

Map Anatomy: Grid

Map with no grid labeled Map Anatomy: Grid Map with no grid labeled

Map Anatomy: Grid Shows the placement of the parallels and meridians on maps Used to determine latitude and longitude Maps with graticule cannot be used to determine coordinates – only to determine extents Can have more than one grid system in place (e.g., easting and northings for UTM and latitude and longitude)

Universal Transverse Mercator

The Grid/ Graticule UTM Northings Add slide UTMs UTM Eastings

Map with no grid labeled Map Anatomy: Datum Map with no grid labeled

Map Anatomy: Datum If datum is recorded, usually found near the map scale or publisher’s name Use Horizontal Datum, not Vertical Occasionally, if no datum is recorded but the reference ellipsoid is, then one can determine the datum using the pdf document found at http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf (Use Appendix B)

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps: Georeferencing Source For Georeferencing Sources be sure to include the following: Publisher name Map Date Map Scale Map name Example: USGS 15’ Topographic Series Boone 1956 or USGS Topoquad 1:24000 Key West 1962

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps Paper maps are necessary when gazetteers will not report needed coordinates Especially useful for distances by roads and topographic features like rivers and mountain ranges Pay special attention to the grid lines and the hemisphere (latitudes in the southern hemisphere are negative, and longitudes in the western hemisphere are negative) when reporting in decimal degrees

Coordinate Integers for Hemispheres

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps Nauru Island, Pacific Islands Geographic Society, 1960 1:12,000

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps: Latitude

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps: Latitude

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps: Longitude

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps: Longitude

Determining Coordinate Precision Determining Coordinate Precision for the Georeferencing Calculator: The smallest measurement using our rulers is 1 mm ( = 0.1 cm), therefore we need to convert millimeters to minutes: 0.1 cm x (2 minutes/14 cm) = 0.014 min Choose the next largest fraction of a minute on the calculator. For 0.014 minutes, select 0.1 minutes.

Determining Coordinates from Paper Maps: Error Calculation

In Conclusion Pay attention to whether you should add or subtract the offsets to the grid points Measure from the center of your feature to the edge for extent Plot your coordinates to double check your work Explain any decisions you had to make in the GeoreferenceRemark field Explain any errors in the locality description in the LocalityErrors field

Round up to 0.1 minute precision For Georeferencing Source be sure to include the following: Publisher name Map Date Map Scale Map name Example: United States Geological Society (USGS) Topographic Map California, 1956, map scale 1:24,000, map name “Boone” Determining Lat and Long: Determining Coordinate Precision: 0.1 cm x (2 minutes/14 cm) = 0.014 min Round up to 0.1 minute precision

Determining Coordinates Using the Error Calculator Find a set of coordinates on the map from which lat and long increase. This is your “starting point” Measure orthogonal offsets from these coordinates Use calculator to determine “end point” coordinates Use the calculator a second time for the error calculation Latitude Increases Longitude Increases

Measuring Orthogonal Offsets from Grid Coordinates Measure distance south of latitude grid line. Measure distance east of longitude grid line.

Determining Coordinates

Determining Coordinates

Error Calculation