Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Pesticides May 16, 2007 Jerome Campbell Assistant Director California Department of Pesticide Regulation

2 Overview Background Method for estimating VOC emissions Amount of VOC emissions (emission inventory) Regulatory issues

3 Background Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react with sunlight to form ozone, a major air pollutant Many pesticide active and inert ingredients are VOCs As required by the Clean Air Act, Air Resources Board (ARB) and Air Pollution Control Districts (APCD) develop State Implementation Plans (SIPs) to reduce VOCs and NOx 1994 SIP requires DPR to track pesticide VOC emissions and reduce them by specified amounts in five nonattainment areas

4 Ozone Nonattainment Areas For Federal 1-hour Standard San Joaquin Valley Ventura South Coast Southeast Desert Sacramento Metro

5 Method for Estimating Pesticide VOCs VOC emission from a pesticide product is: emission = VOC fraction in product x amount of product  VOC fraction (emission potential) estimated from: –Lab test (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA), or –Water/inorganic subtraction, or –Confidential statement of formula, or –Default (median TGA value of formulation type)  Amount of product from pesticide use reports

6 Emission Inventory Calculations DPR compiles an emission inventory of ag and commercial structural applications using emission potential and pesticide use data DPR calculates emissions for each year beginning with 1990 base year DPR updates each year of inventory annually based on most recent data Inventory focuses on:  May – Oct (peak ozone period) for each year  5 nonattainment areas

7 Pesticide Emission Characteristics VOC emission patterns parallel pesticide use More than 90% of emissions from agricultural sources. Fumigants are high contributors in all areas Emulsifiable concentrates are high contributors due to solvents in formulations

8 VOC Emissions by Product Type, San Joaquin Valley, May – Oct 2003 Pesticide Type % of Pesticide VOC Emissions Fumigant51.5 Non-Fumigant Emulsifiable Concentrate34.9 Other Liquid5.8 Solid3.9 Pressurized3.8

9 Difficulty in Achieving Ozone Standard for San Joaquin Valley Category% of 2004 Emissions LIVESTOCK WASTE (DAIRY CATTLE)9.6 LIGHT AND MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS9.1 LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER CARS8.3 PRESCRIBED BURNING7.5 OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION7.4 PESTICIDES6.3 CONSUMER PRODUCTS6.2

10 Non-Fumigant Herbicides With High VOC Emissions Glyphosate; maybe (Roundup) Molinate (Ordram) Acrolein (Magnacide) Trifluralin (Treflan) Oxyfluorfen (Goal) Thiobencarb (Bolero) Metolachlor (Dual) EPTC (Eptam)

11 Difficulty in Achieving Ozone Standard for San Joaquin Valley Category % of 2004 Emissions LIVESTOCK WASTE (DAIRY CATTLE)9.6 LIGHT AND MEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS9.1 LIGHT DUTY PASSENGER CARS8.3 PRESCRIBED BURNING7.5 OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION7.4 PESTICIDES6.3 CONSUMER PRODUCTS6.2 <30%

Speciation Profile – Top 10 ChemicalContribution (%) Methyl bromide25.3 Methyl isothiocyanate17.8 Unidentified active ingredients13.9 Dichloropropene11.3 Chloropicrin8.6 Aromatic 200 solvent4.8 Xylene range solvent4.6 Molinate3.3 Kerosene1.7 Chlorpyrifos1.7

13 Non-Fumigant Herbicides With High VOC Emissions Glyphosate; maybe (Roundup) Molinate (Ordram) Acrolein (Magnacide) Trifluralin (Treflan) Oxyfluorfen (Goal) Thiobencarb (Bolero) Metolachlor (Dual) EPTC (Eptam)

14 Regulatory Strategy Short term –Reduce VOC emissions from fumigants –Reduce VOC emissions from ECs Long term –Pest management strategic partnerships –Innovative technologies Strategy includes revision of VOC emission inventory to account for application method differences (application method adjustment factors)

15 Field Fumigation Regulations Under court order, regulations to achieve required VOC reductions effective by 1/1/08 Regulations pertain to field fumigations only; regs do not pertain to greenhouse, tree replant, potting soil Regulations address VOC emissions, not toxic exposure Proposed regulations include: –Licensing requirements –Specific field fumigation methods –Records and reporting –Field fumigation emission limits

16 Research Needs Emission Inventory Research –VOC content and field emissions of products –Speciation and reactivity (ARB funding) Emission Reduction Research –IPM (UC funding) –Formulation changes and new pesticides –Application method changes, particularly fumigants (ARB, CDFA, UC, USDA funding) –Application rate reductions –Temporal changes (applications outside May-Oct)

17 Contact Information Jerome Campbell Assistant Director Department of Pesticide Regulation PO Box 4015 Sacramento, CA Phone: (916) Fax: (916) Web Page: Vocational Research Symposium May 22-23, 2007