School of something FACULTY OF OTHER School of Computing FACULTY OF ENGINEERING A comparative study of the tagging of adverbs in modern English corpora.

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School of something FACULTY OF OTHER School of Computing FACULTY OF ENGINEERING A comparative study of the tagging of adverbs in modern English corpora by Owen Nancarrow and Eric Atwell, Leeds University

Owen Nancarrow and Eric Atwell A comparative study of the tagging of adverbs in modern English corpora Brown, LOB, BNC-Sampler and ICE-GB have related but different tagsets; adverbs are particularly different Adverb is a “dustbin” category; subcategories are inconsistent between corpora, even within one corpus We present a detailed analysis, grounded on “traditional” descriptions of adverbs in ELT textbooks

Four corpora of modern English

Four sets of related corpora

Corpora in this paper

Thomson and Martinet 69 Section 63 There are seven kinds of adverbs: 1 of manner: e.g. quickly, bravely, happily, hard, fast, well 2 of place: e.g. here, there, everywhere, up, down, near, by 3 of time: e.g. now, soon, yet, still, then, today 4 of frequency: e.g. twice, often, never, always, occasionally 5 of degree: e.g. very, fairly, rather, quite, too, hardly 6 interrogative: e.g. when? where? why? 7 relative: e.g. when, where, why (Thomson and Martinet, 1969: 38)

Thomson and Martinet 69 Section 90 Some words can be used as either prepositions or adverbs... The most important words of this type are: in, on, up, down, off, near, through, along, across, under, round (Thomson and Martinet, 1969: 52)

Manner adverbs

Type and token totals

Adverbs of time and place

9 nominal adverbs in Brown

Inconsistent taggings in Brown

Degree adverbs

Inconsistent taggings in Brown

Interrogative and relative adverbs

Tagging schemes for B, L, S

Tagging scheme for I

Adverb or preposition

New adverb subclasses in S,I

Negative not

Existential there

Connectives and reaction signals

Adverbial inflections: manner adverbs

Adverbial inflections: degree adverbs

Comparative inflection of another adverbial subclass

Plural inflections of adverbs

Genitive inflections of adverbs

Adverb ditto tag in LOB

Contracted negative tags in Brown

Combined adverb tags in Brown

Tags with negative feature in ICE

Discontinuous adverb tags in ICE

Ignored adverb tags in ICE

Anomalous adverb tags in ICE

Synoptic table

Conclusions Other studies have included comparisons between English corpus tagsets (eg van Halteren 1999, Atwell et al 2000, Jurafsky and Martin 2000), but none to our knowledge has focused on adverbs, or examined differences of sub- categorizations in such detail. Tagset “standards” should include this level of detail. The approach in this paper provides a methodology to follow in examining sub-categorizations in other corpus tagsets, and/or other grammatical categories.