Kinds of Phrases and Their Functions The Phrase Kinds of Phrases and Their Functions

What is a phrase? A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and subject. Vs. the clause = a group of words that has both a subject and a verb.

Examples… have been waiting They have been waiting for the bus. during the storm The tree fell during the storm. of my friends One of my friends is making a movie.

Prepositional Phrases Include a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. Do you know the Greek myth about Persephone and the pomegranate? The objective of this assignment is to help you understand irony.

Types of Prepositional Phrases Adjective phrase – a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun. What kind or which one? Adverb phrase – a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective or an adverb. How, when, where, why or to what extent?

Adjective Phrases One of my brothers made chocolate pie for Christmas dinner. The picture will include all of the students in our class. She is always talking on her cell phone in the car. The movie relates the adventures of five boys at home and in school.

Adverb Phrases The boy was too smart for his own good. He ruled as king for twenty-five years. The baby screamed loudly during the church service.

Adjective Phrase or Adverb Phrase? One of her friends is making a film about school. After the early 800s, the Fujiwara family ruled as regents in Japan for more than 300 years. He is too short for the ride. The debate tonight will feature all of the candidates.

The Verbal A verb form that is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Verbal phrase = a verbal and its modifiers and complements. 3 types: The participial phrase The gerund phrase The infinitive phrase

The Participle A verb form that can be used as an adjective. Present participles end in –ing. The running water looked brown. Kneeling, she pet the dog. The freezing rain made the road slick. Most past participles end in –d or –ed; others are irregularly formed. Refreshed, the boys returned back to school after vacation. She refuses to accept papers completed after grades have closed. The lab tests samples of water taken from local beaches. Present perfect participles add having or having been to the past participle of a verb (indicating a completed action). Having been paid, she decided to buy a new dress. He is understandably excited, having been named MVP of his hockey team. Having completed the homework, she decided to take a nap.

The Participial Phrase Consists of a participle and its modifiers and complements; the entire phrase is used as an adjective Grinning broadly, I accepted the award. Proclaiming his innocence, the criminal vehemently denied the charges. Breathing heavily, she finally crossed the finish line. Vietnam, formally known as Siam, was a place of great military unrest in the 1970s.

The Absolute Phrase Consists of… A participle or participial phrase A noun or pronoun that the participle or participial phrase modifies Any other modifiers of that noun or pronoun The entire word group is used as an adverb to modify a clause in a sentence Ex. * Our car having been repaired, we continued on our road trip. * Ryan said that, the weather being so fine, he would prefer to go kayaking. *Wearily, the explorer trudged onward through the snow, his loyal sled dog keeping close by his side.

The Gerund A verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun. Reading is my favorite pastime. Please stop talking. The chorus members gave learning the new song their full attention. The problem is their whining. In answering, give specific examples.

Careful! Do not confuse a gerund with a present participle used as an adjective or as part of a verb phrase. I love driving long distances. Driving to New York for Thanksgiving, my friends and I took turns behind the wheel. Greg made us listen to country music while we were driving.

The Gerund Phrase Consists of a gerund and its modifiers and complements; the entire phrase is used as a noun. We got a ticket for parking there. I enjoy running in the rain. Writing a 10 page paper is not difficult if you plan ahead.

The Infinitive A verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb; most infinitives begin with “to.” To graduate is her goal. No one wants to leave. Their goal is to win. She is the candidate to watch. We came to work.

The Infinitive Phrase Consists of an infinitive and its modifiers and complements; the entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. To call this late would be rude. They promised to call him about the party We have time to get coffee before class starts. He is eager to visit London. Infinitive clause = an infinitive or infinitive phrase with a subject. Everyone expects Hillary to win the election. We wanted her to let us out early.

The Appositive A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it (usually follows the word it identifies or describes, but may come at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis). My friend Lara just moved to Peru. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, a movie, is one of his favorites. Seniors, both Dan and Steve are busy with college applications.

The Appositive Phrase Consists of an appositive and its modifiers; usually follows the word it describes or modifies, but may precede it. My brother’s car, a black hatchback with bucket seats, has almost 100,000 miles on it. Jan, a member of the swim team, was late for our first practice. Once his favorite holiday, Halloween is less than exciting because he is too old to dress up.