Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University The thesis writing- 1. Sentences Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University

Elements of Sentences Function Class Example To name Substantive Nouns, pronouns, gerunds, infinitives To assert Predicative Verbs To describe or limit Modifier Adjectives adverbs, participles To join elements Connective Conjunctions, prepositions

Subjects and predicates Subject - what you are talking about Predicate - the assertion you make about the subject. Subject Predicate Edison invented the light bulb.

invented the light bulb. Practice 1 Find ten sentences (about your major) as the table below: Subject Predicate 1.Edison 2. 3. 4. 5. ..10 invented the light bulb.

Modifiers Modifiers describe nouns and verbs: they may be attached to almost any parts of a sentence. Any words that modifier a noun, pronoun, or gerund is an adjective in function. An adverb is any word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Very hungry people seldom display good table manners. adj adv adj adj

Identifying subject and verb states an action. a word or group of words (phrases) one or more auxiliary verbs he was hit, he has been hit you had taken you will have taken.

Identifying subject and verb linking verbs, or copulas assert that something is – of looks, sounds seems, or appears to be something. He is a talented athlete. She seems intelligent.

After meeting all the relatives, my cousin left. Complements Intransitive verbs After meeting all the relatives, my cousin left. Transitive verbs+ complements of the verb. I bought a scarf.

Object complements: Direct objects Indirect objects usually a noun or pronoun but sometimes a phrase or clause. My niece drew a picture Indirect objects a complement that receives whatever is named by the direct abject. involving an act of living or telling) may take an indirect object ex. The award gave the photographer encouragement.

Subject complement Predicate noun. subject complement A noun that serves as a subject complement of a linking verb My mother was the major of the town. subject complement Predicate adjective an adjective that describes the subject The mayor was popular.

Phrases Such groups of words, which do not make a complete statement but which function like a single word, are phrases. The train leaves in ten minutes. an adverb = soon They may be named for the kind of word around which they are constructed-prepositional, participial, gerund, or infinitive phrases. They may also be named by the way they function in a sentence-as adjective, adverb, or noun phrases.

Prepositional phrases A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition joined to a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. Such phrases usually modify nouns or verbs, and they are described accordingly as adjective or adverb phrases. Adjective Adverb The flowers in the yard bloomed in the sun.

Verbals and verb phrases A verbal is a form of verb that functions as some other part of speech. A verbal that modifies a noun is called a participle. It may be in the past or the present tense: a used [past] car with splitting [present] upholstery. A verb form that functions as a noun is called a gerund: Writing is his passion He loves singing. Gerunds may also be used as the objects of verbs or of preposition: A verb form that functions as a noun is called an infinitive. To err is human. a verbal consisting of the present form of the verb preceded by to. used as nouns, as subjects or object of the verb

Verbals and verb phrases Participles, gerunds, and infinitives may take objects, and they may be modified by adverbs or by prepositional phrases. A verbal with its modifier and its object, or subject, makes up a verbal phrase and functions as a single part of speech, but it does not make a full statement.

Verbals and verb phrases Participial phrase Moved by her speech, I decided to join the organization. Gerund phrase Selecting an appropriate site took a lot of time. Infinitive phrase The task required us to walk for hours.

Absolute phrases a group of words that has a subject but no verb and is not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence. The subject of an a absolute phrase is often followed by a participle: The site having been selected, we met to choose a sculptor. The subject of an absolute phrase may also be followed by an adjective or a prepositional phrase: She recounted the incident, her voice angry, her-face pale.

a noun, or noun substitute, added to explain another noun: Appositive phrases a noun, or noun substitute, added to explain another noun: My mother, the mayor, was getting attention all of her life.

Clauses A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. Every sentence must contain at least one clause.

Independent clause Independent clause can stand alone as complete sentences. She heard the news. Dependent (or subordinate) clauses, a subordinate part of the sentence perform a function like that of adjectives, adverbs. or nouns When she heard the news has a subject and verb-but the addition of the word Dependent clauses are usually preceded by relative pronouns (who, which, that) or by subordinating conjunctions (such as although, because, if since, when, and while). When makes the clause dependent. It needs an independent clause added to it to make a complete sentence: When she heard the news, she was delighted.

Noun clauses functions as a noun, may be a subject or a compliment in a main clause, or the object of a preposition or of a gerund. That Lauren was considered for the position is remarkable. [subject] She said that she would accept only under certain conditions. [direct object] We will give the job to whoever is best qualified. [object of the preposition] We do the best for others by asking what we can do for others. [object of a gerund]

Adverb clauses a dependent clause used to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. We are whenever we felt like it. [modifies the verb] The trip was as pleasant as we had hoped. [modifies the adjective] The train arrived sooner than we had expected. [modifies the adverb]

a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. The salesman we went yesterday showed us his samples. usually introduced by relative pronouns. Dorothy Sayers wrote many books that were widely read

Simple sentences consists of one independent clause with or without modifiers but with no dependent clause attached to it. Nervously biting his fingernails, Harvey despaired. Simple sentences can be quite elaborate. Harvey and his girlfriend, Zelda, puzzled once more by the red marks on their papers, despaired of ever learning the fine points of grammar.

Compound sentences consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but. for, nor, or, so, and yet) or a semicolon. Harvey despaired if ever learning the fine points of grammar, but Zelda had hope. offers you the advantage of balance and antithesis.

Complex sentences contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Although Harvey despaired of ever learning the fine points of grammar, Zelda had hope. You can arrange complex sentences to produce various sentence patterns and to indicate subtle relationship between ideas.

Compound-complex sentences contain more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Because he had never really studied grammar before, Harvey thought that he would never learn its fine points, but Zelda believed that they would be able to master the subject.

Kinds of Sentences Declarative sentence Interrogative sentence My cat likes to sit in the window. Interrogative sentence Does your cat like to sit in the window? Imperative sentence Don’t let the cat sit in the window. (Command) Please let the cat sit in the window. (Request) Exclamatory sentence The cat can’t sit in the window, she’ll fall.