9 th Edition, © 2008, Thomson/South-Western Chapter 2 Parts of Speech

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-2 Learning Objectives Define the eight parts of speech. Recognize how parts of speech function in sentences. Compose sentences showing words playing more than one grammatical role.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-3 The Eight Parts of Speech NounsPronounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositionsConjunctionsInterjections

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-4  Nouns name persons, places, things, qualities, feelings, concepts, activities, and measures. PersonsRyan, Angelica, employees PlacesSan Francisco, Hawaii, Europe Thingspizza, popcorn, surfboard Qualitiesreliability, flexibility, patience Feelingshappiness, anger, confusion Conceptscommunication, productivity, freedom Activitiesworking, snowboarding, dancing Measuresday, week, inch, kilometer

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-5 To test for a noun, use the word in question with the verb is or are. Try these nouns with is or are. Laurie is.... Managers are.... Initiative is....

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-6  Pronouns replace nouns. Use them for efficiency and variety. Without pronouns, sentences sound like this: Matt said that Matt must find Matt’s keys before Matt can leave for work. How would that sentence sound with pronouns? Matt said that he must find his keys before he can leave for work.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-7  Verbs express an action, an occurrence, or a state of being. Kim drove her car to work. (Action) Kim has a bicycle too. (Occurrence) Her bicycle is red. (State of being) For our purposes, we’ll focus on two kinds of verbs: Action verbs Linking verbs

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-8 Action Verb Tells what the subject does; includes physical and mental action EXAMPLES dances, decides, works, praises Linking Verb Joins words that describe the subject EXAMPLES is, are, was, were, am, appears, seems, feels, smells, tastes, looks

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-9 To test for a verb, try the word in question with a noun. Try several action and linking verbs with this expression. The manager(s) _________________. Make sense? The manager dances, the manager decides, and so forth.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-10  Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. They answer the questions What kind? How many? and Which one? A good student submitted excellent work. (What kind?) Our manager bought two computers and one printer. (How many?) This printer is expensive. (Which one?) The words a, an, and the form a special group of adjectives called articles.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-11  Adverbs describe or limit verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They answer such questions as When? How? Where? and To what extent? Yesterday the printer jammed repeatedly. (When and how?) The restaurant is over there. (Where?) We were served very quickly. (How and to what extent?) To help you remember the function of an adverb, think of its two syllables: ad meaning to add to or amplify the meaning of a verb.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-12  Prepositions join nouns and pronouns to other words in sentences. For example, The truck was driven by Kim. for Kim. to Kim. with Kim. around Kim. over Kim. Notice how prepositions change the relationship between Kim and the verb.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-13 How many prepositions do you see in the following sentence? After the accident Kim went to Hawaii for a vacation in the sun.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-14  Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. The coordinating conjunctions are: Pizza and burritos are Kim’s favorites, but she is also able to tolerate gyros. and or nor but so (used casually) yet (used occasionally) for

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-15  Interjections show surprise, disbelief, or strong feeling. Oops, I can’t believe I forgot the attachment again! Wow ! Did you feel that tremor?

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-16 TIP The same word can function as different parts of speech depending on how it is used in a sentence. Consider the word service. We received good service here. (Noun) He operates a service station. (Adjective) Did you service your car? (Verb)

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-17 Quick Summary of Parts of Speech Namers Nouns Pronouns Performers Verbs Describers Adjectives Adverbs Connectors Prepositions Conjunctions Exclaimers Interjections

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-18 Namers NounsName things PronounsRename things PerformersVerbs Show action or link words Describers Adjectives Describe nouns and pronouns Adverbs Describe verbs, adjectives, adverbs Connectors Prepositions Join nouns, pronouns to sentence ConjunctionsConnect words Exclaimers InterjectionsShow strong feeling

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-19 Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence. TRY YOUR SKILL 1.Kim becomes angry when she receives spam messages. Kim (noun) becomes (verb) angry (adjective) when (conjunction) she (pronoun) receives (verb) spam (adjective) messages (noun)

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-20 TRY YOUR SKILL 2.Ryan was upset, but he quickly solved the problem. Ryan (noun) was (verb) upset (adjective) but (conjunction) he (pronoun) quickly (adverb) solved (verb) the (article-adjective) problem (noun) Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-21 TRY YOUR SKILL 3.They work carefully on a big project. They (noun) work (verb) carefully (adverb) on (preposition) a (article-adjective) big (adjective) project (noun) Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-22 TRY YOUR SKILL 4.Kim and Ryan prepared two work sheets. Kim (noun) and (conjunction) Ryan (noun) prepared (verb) two (adjective) work (adjective) sheets (noun) Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-23 TRY YOUR SKILL 5.The work for the project is very hard. The (adjective–article) work (noun) for (preposition) the (adjective-article) project (noun) is (verb) very (adverb) hard (adjective) Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.

Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-24 Language is like a house that is made of bricks (vocabulary) and cement (grammar). Without bricks, you can't build a house; without cement, the house will fall apart. Grammar holds your vocabulary together and helps make your meaning exact.