 A subordinate clause that is used like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb  Answers these questions: How? When? Where? How much? To what extent? Under what condition? and Why?  Introduced by a subordinating conjunction

When?We will go whenever you are ready. Where?We will park wherever we can find an empty spot in the garage. Under WhatWe will attend the concert if we can get Condition?tickets. Why?We left early so that we would not be late.

 Tell more about the rest of the sentence in which they appear  Can occur as sentence openers, subject-verb splits, or sentence closers

Sentence openers: After he got himself under control, he apologized. --Stephen King, “The Mouse on the Mile” Because its primary reason for existence was government, Maycomb was spared the grubbiness that distinguished most Alabama towns its size. --Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird

Subject-verb split: The truck drivers, when they heard that Maxie Hammerman had been released, were furious. --Jean Merrill, The Pushcart War Sentence closer: Alfred quietly slipped out the back door and waited until Henry left.--Robert Lipsyte, The Contender

 Sometimes called an adjective clause or a relative clause  A subordinate clause that is used to modify a noun or pronoun  Answers these questions: Which one(s)? What kind?  Usually begins with a relative pronoun: Who, Whose, Whom, Which, and That

 Which One(s)?The person who just rang the bell left a package.  What Kind?The package, which was heavy, came from our grandmother.

 Describe whatever is to the left of them in the same sentence  Can occur as subject-verb splits or as sentence closers

Subject-verb splits: Keeton, who overtopped Norriss by five inches and outweighed him by a hundred pounds, gave the deputy a harsh little shake and then did let go. --Stephen King, Needful Things Even his eyes, which had been young, looked old. --John Steinbeck, The Red Pony

Sentence closers: They dropped his belongings at the freshman dorm, where the only sign of his roommate was a khaki duffel bag and a canvas butterfly chair printed to resemble a gigantic hand. --Anne Tyler, Saint Maybe I loved school with a desperate passion, which became more intense when I began to realize what a monumental struggle it was for my parents and brothers and sisters to keep me there. --Eugenia Collier, Sweet Potato Pie

 A subordinate clause that is used like a noun  Can be used the same as a single noun: Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of a Preposition, and Predicate Nominative

SubjectWhatever you choose is fine with me. Object ofThe book from which I got most of Prepositionmy information is in the library. Direct ObjectFor lunch, I will have whatever you are having.

Is It an Adjective or Adverb Clause or a Noun Clause? Check by using the following techniques: The “It” Test The “It” Test: If the clause is replaceable with the pronoun “it,” then it is a noun clause. The “Take-It-Out” Test The “Take-It-Out” Test: adverbadjective If the clause is removable and the sentence is still complete, then it is either an adverb or adjective clause. Refer to the introductory word and placement of the clause to determine which it is.

The End!