1 Syntactic Alternations of Hindi Verbs with Reference to the Morphological Paradigm Debasri Chakrabarti Debasri Chakrabarti Dr. Pushpak Bhattacharyya Dr. Pushpak Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Center for Indian language Technology Solution, Computer Science Department. Center for Indian language Technology Solution, Computer Science Department.

2 Overview Introduction Introduction Motivation Motivation Methodology Methodology Conclusion Conclusion Future work Future work

3 Introduction 1.Importance of Verbs Verbs are the most important categories in parts of speech Sentence without a verb is unthinkable 2.Inspired by Beth Levin’s English Verb classes and Alternations 3.Syntactic Alternations Refer to the argument structure of the verbs

4 Motivation 1. Absence of deep hierarchical semantic tree. 2. Hypothesis of Beth Levin : Semantic nature of verbs are largely predictable by their syntactic structure. 3. Absence of any such work in Indian languages.

5 Type of Alternation Transitivity Alternation Transitivity Alternation Middle alternation, Causative alternation, Substance Middle alternation, Causative alternation, Substance alternation. alternation. Dative Alternation Dative Alternation Locative Alternation Locative Alternation Clear alternation, Material Product alternation, Clear alternation, Material Product alternation, Fulfilling alternation. Fulfilling alternation. Oblique Subject Alternation Oblique Subject Alternation Passive alternation. Passive alternation.

6 Transitivity Alternation Transitivity Alternation a. Jannet broke the cup. b. The cup broke. Hindi: rama nao kp taoD,a. kp TUT gayaa. Alternation Pattern: ‘NP1 NP2 V’ with ‘NP cause to V intransitive’.

7 Tree Diagram of Transitive Alternation Tree Diagram of Transitive Alternation S NPVP N VNP spec N Jannet broke the cup

8 Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…) S NPVP V The broke spec N cup

9 Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…) Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…) S NPVP NP V N Post-position NV rama nao kptaoD,a

10 Tree Diagram of Transitive alternation (contd…) S NPVP V TUT N kp Aux gayaa

11 Dative Alternation a. Bill sold a car. a. Bill sold a car. b. Bill sold Tom a car. b. Bill sold Tom a car. Hindi: rama nao gaaD,I baocaI. rama nao Syaama kao gaaD,I baocaI. rama nao Syaama kao gaaD,I baocaI. Alternation Pattern: ‘NP1 P NP2 V’ with ‘NP1 NP2 P NP3 V’. Alternation Pattern: ‘NP1 P NP2 V’ with ‘NP1 NP2 P NP3 V’.

12 Tree Diagram of Dative alternation NP VP N V NP Bill sold specN acar S

13 NP VP N V NP Bill sold NP car Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…) N Toma specN S

14 Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…) NP VP VNP N N Post-position ram a na o gaaD,I baocaI S

15 Tree Diagram of Dative alternation (contd…) NP V N N Post-position ram a na o gaaD,I baocaI S NP NPost-position Sya am a kao VP

16 Locative alternation a. The eggs mixed with the cream. a. The eggs mixed with the cream. b. The eggs and the cream mixed. b. The eggs and the cream mixed. Hindi: AMDo ko saaqa ËIma imalaaš gaš hO. Hindi: AMDo ko saaqa ËIma imalaaš gaš hO. AMDa AaOr ËIma imalaayaa gayaa hO. AMDa AaOr ËIma imalaayaa gayaa hO. Alternation Pattern: ‘[ NP NP1 P NP2 ]V’ and ‘[ NP NP1 and NP2] V’.

17 Tree diagram of Locative alternation NPVP N V PP PNP S spe c N The eggs mixed with the cream

18 Tree diagram of Locative alternation (contd) NP V mixed VP cream and specN NP eggs The spec N conj the S

19 Tree diagram of Locative alternation (contd…) NPVP Post-position V S N N Aux AMDoko saaqa ËI ma imalaašgaš hO

20 Tree diagram of Locative alternation (contd…) VP N NP N conj VAux ËIma AMDa AaOr imalaayaa gayaa hO S

21 Structure of Verbs in Hindi Simple verbs Simple verbs Kanaa, ilaKnaa. Kanaa, ilaKnaa. Conjunct verbs Conjunct verbs Noun and verb AarMBa krnaa. Noun and verb AarMBa krnaa. Adjective and verb maIza laganaa. Adjective and verb maIza laganaa. Adverb and verb dUr hTnaa. Adverb and verb dUr hTnaa. Compound verbs Compound verbs PaZ,naa – ilaKnaa, Kanaa – pInaa. Causative verbs Causative verbs Kanaa, iKlaanaa, iKlavaanaa. Kanaa, iKlaanaa, iKlavaanaa.

22 Morphological paradigms of verbs in Hindi Nominal verb formation Nominal verb formation Intransitive- causative formation Intransitive- causative formation Transitive- causative formation Transitive- causative formation

23 Process of Nominal verb formation Nominal Root Affix Nominal Stem Verb Form gama-Aagamaa-gamaa-naa duKAaduKaduKanaa zgaAazgaazgaanaa Nominal Root Affix Nominal Stem Verb Form laat[yaalaityaalaityaanaa baat[yaabaityaabaityaanaa haqa[yaahiqayaahiqayaanaa Nominal Form Verbal Form fTkarfTkarnaa ApnaaApnaanaa

24 Process of Intransitive-causative formation Intransitive Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) DrnaaDranaaDrvaanaa igrnaaigaranaaigarvaanaa Syllable structure of igarnaa and igaranaa gir na on c o n syllable gir na on o n a o n

25 Process of Intransitive-causative formation Contd… Verb (primary form) Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) fTnaafaD,naafD,vaanaa jauD,naajaaoD,naajauD,vaanaa Verb (primary form) Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) jaanaaBaojanaaiBajavaanaa Verb (primary form) Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) saaonaasaulaanaasaulavaanaa raonaa$laanaa$lavaanaa Verb (primary form) Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) lajaanaa laijjat krnaa laijjat krvaanaa

26 Process of Transitive-causative formation Transitive Verb Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) pZ,naapZ,anaapZ,vaanaa ilaKnaailaKanaailaKvaanaa saunanaasaunaanaasaunavaanaa likh na on c o n syllable likh na on o n syllable a o n Syllable structure of ilaKnaa and ilaKanaa

27 Process of Transitive-causative formation Contd… Transitive Verb Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) jaItnaaijatanaaijatvaanaa saIKnaaisaKanaaisaKvaanaa Transitive Verb Causative(1 st degree) Causative(2 nd degree) pInaaiplaanaaiplavaanaa saInaaisalaanaaisalavaanaa

28 Conclusion 1.Present work deals only with the syntactic pattern and does not handle the semantic part. 2.The work deals only with the simple verbs. 3.It gives detail phonological, morphological and syntactic information of Verbs in Hindi. 4. Inclusion of such information crucial to Machine translation.

29 Future Work 1.Semantic categorization according to syntactic pattern. 2.Extend the work to other Indian languages.