Focus On Grammar Book 2, 5 th edition Lesson 9: Present Perfect Tense

9.0 ALL the perfect tenses tell about “the time before” – Present Perfect Tense is about the time before the present She has studied English for two years. – Past Perfect Tense is about the time before some other event in the past She had eaten when her husband came home. – Future Perfect Tense is about the time before some other event in the future. I will retire when I have a million dollars.

9.1 - Overview FORM – HAVE (or HAS) with the Past Participle Write, wrote, WRITTEN; go, went, GONEbui – There have or There has Depends on the noun that follows

9.2 – The Past Participle REGULAR verbs – The past participle looks the same as the past tense form (add –ed to the present/base) IRREGULAR verbs – Have to be studied like other vocabulary – See page 283 – Google “irregular English verbs”

9.3 Contractions and Negatives NOT goes after the helping verb (HAVE). SingularPlural 1 st I’ve, I’ve not, I haven’t We’ve, We’ve not We haven’t 2 nd You’ve, You’ve not You haven’t You’ve, You’ve not You haven’t 3 rd He’s, she’s, it’s (not) He/she/it hasn’t They’ve, They’ve not They haven’t

9.4 – Adding an Adverb (of frequency?) After the helping verb Even if it is a BE verb – I often write essays. – I am often happy. – I have often written essays. – I have often been happy.

9.5 – Questions Same Rules that you learned in June. Subject Questions are easy. Y/N = Move the Helping Verb (HV) in front of the subject Other WH (not subject) – First, make a Y/N question – Then, move the WH to the front. Use How Long to ask about time periods

9.6 – Continuation (with FOR and SINCE) FOR a period of time – For ten seconds… – For 50,000 years SINCE a moment of time. – Since 1995… – Since lunch time… – Since she got married… ALWAYS and NEVER

9.7 – Simple Pres. & Pres. Perfect Simple Present = always Present Perfect = Before the Present (Remember, all the perfect tenses are about “the time before…”

9.8 – Simple Past & Pres. Perf. Most difficult, because SOMETIMES both are ok to use Use BOTH for some unknown time before now. – She lived in Thailand. – She has lived in Thailand.

9.8 – Simple Past & Pres. Perf. Present Perfect – The action is not finished (with FOR or SINCE) She has lived in Thailand for two years. Simple Past – The action is finished. She lived in Thailand for two years. – The time of the action is known (in the past) She lived in Thailand in EITHER ONE – The action was at an unknown time before now. But Pres. Perf. may have relevance to the present. (pg.305; 9.14)

9.8 – Simple Past & Pres. Perf. Questions – Past When did he live in Thailand? How long did he live in Thailand? – Present Perfect ?[When has he lived in Thailand?]? How long has he lived in Thailand?

9.9 Present Perfect Progressive SubjectHAVEVERB-ENVERB-INGObject Pres. Perf.SheHasEatenRice. Pres. Prog.SheIsEatingRice. Pres. Perf. ProgSheHasBeenEatingRice. Same as Present Perfect, with the idea that the action will continue into the future. Can’t use it with STATIVE verbs. (page 297) I don’t see this very often in essays.

9.10 – Pres. Perf. Prog. - Forms I/You/We/They have BEEN verbING He/She/It has BEEN verbING Questions and Negatives: Guess what??? –S–Same Rules; Have/Has is your first Helping Verb –O–Olena has been studying English Grammar at home.

9.11 – Pres. Perf. Prog. - Use Not much new here; nice review Don’t use PPP with – Stative Verbs – ALWAYS, NEVER Think, have, (etc.) are sometimes stative and sometimes actions. – She has been looking out the window. – [She has been looking very vivacious.]

9.12 – With Repetition… Use the Present Perfect (NOT the Pres. Perf. Prog.) to talk about repeated actions that happened one after another. If you use the Pres. Perf. Prog., it seems that you have been doing all of them at the same time. – I have read ten books this summer. – I have been reading ten books this summer. – I have taken four classes this year. – I have been taking four classes this year.

9.12 – Misc. “so far” “until now”, “up to now” How much, how many “not at all”

9.13 – skip this??? The main idea here is Pres. Perf. And Past, but notice the location of “probably” I have eaten rice three times today. – And probably will probably do it again today. I ate rice three times today. – And probably won’t do it again today. – And will probably not do it again today.

9.14 –  Either one is ok, but Pres. Perf. Suggests recent/continuing activity  Same message: use Past for things that are in the past. Use Pres. Perf. For things that may continue.