English Pronunciation for Communication A Practical Course for Students of English By Wang Guizhen Faculty of English Language & Culture Guangdong University of Foreign Studies

Stressed Words & Unstressed Words in a Sentence What is a syllable? A word part and the basic unit of English rhythm What is a stressed syllable? ba NAAAA na Syllable 1 Syllable 2 Syllable 3 (short) (long) (short)

Stressed Syllables & Unstressed Syllables Stressed syllables are strong syllables. Unstressed syllables are weak syllables. Stressed syllables: are long have a pitch change have full vowel sounds. Unstressed syllables: are short often have a reduced vowel sound.

Strong and weak syllables The vowel in a weak syllable tends to be shorter, of lower intensity and different in quality. ‘father’: the second syllable is shorter than the first, is less loud and has a vowel that cannot occur in strong syllables. ‘bottle’: the weak second syllable contains no vowel at all, but consists entirely of the consonant /l/. We call this a syllabic consonant.

Different types of weak syllables The schwa a -- attend, character, barracks, again, ballad, necklace, workaday, workable, elephant ar -- particular, molar, monarchy ate -- intimate, accurate, desolate o -- tomorrow, potato, carrot or -- forget, ambassador, opportunity e -- settlement, violet, postmen er --perhaps, stronger, superman u -- autumn, support, halibut ough -- thorough, borough ous -- gracious, callous

Any English vowel letter can be pronounced with the schwa // allow a firemen e possible i // command o support u

4. Sentence stress What to stress in a sentence? 1.  Information words are usually stressed: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. 2. Unstressed words are usually function words like articles, pronouns, possessives, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions.

Information words and function words Information words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They give information about who, what, when, where, why, how They express the main idea or content of the phrase or sentence. They carry the message and therefore usually stressed.

Function words Unstressed words are usually function words like articles, pronouns, possessives, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions. These words connect the information words to form grammatical sentences.

If you stress all the words in an utterance, you may sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding because 1. You are giving too much information, and 2. English speakers usually stress all words only when they are impatient or angry.

The Distribution of English Stresses 1. Form words are typically unstressed. 2. Content words are normally stressed. 3. Form words are stressed where contrast is expressed. 4. Any word being repeated is usually not stressed. 5. No stress on words indicating facts of which both parties are aware. 6. Some words never occurs at all except unstressed. 7. Stress can be idiomatic or habitual. The kettle's boiling. The milkman called. The phone's ringing.

8. Many stressings are idiomatic. 9. Stress expresses different meanings. He's back again. 10. Further examples: -- How many times? -- Three times. London and districts around London. If you want to make good coffee, you must use plenty of coffee. -- I want some money. -- You're asking me for money? (You must be mad.) -- This pen's useless. -- Get a new one, then.

The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveler hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls.   Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but never more Returns the traveler to the shore,

Thank you. gzwang@mail.gdufs.edu.cn