Mid-Term Review Tobi England Mid-Term Review Tobi England

Short Long α ε η ο ω ι υ Short Long α ε η ο ω ι υ The Greek Vowels

A combination of two vowels in a single syllable. αι, pronounced like ai in aisle Two vowels sounds “fused” into one. A combination of two vowels in a single syllable. αι, pronounced like ai in aisle Two vowels sounds “fused” into one. A Diphthong

When ι unites with long α, η, or ω, to form one sound. ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ, There is no effect on the pronunciation. *The letter is written under the letter instead of after it. When ι unites with long α, η, or ω, to form one sound. ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ, There is no effect on the pronunciation. *The letter is written under the letter instead of after it. An Iota Subscript

A vowel, a diphthong, or the letter ρ at the beginning of a word always has a breathing. ( ‘ ) Rough breathing indicates an “h” sound. ( ’ ) Smooth breathing is silent A vowel, a diphthong, or the letter ρ at the beginning of a word always has a breathing. ( ‘ ) Rough breathing indicates an “h” sound. ( ’ ) Smooth breathing is silent Breathing Marks

Comma (, ) Period (. ) Colon ( · ) Question Mark ( ; ) Comma (, ) Period (. ) Colon ( · ) Question Mark ( ; ) Punctuation Marks

Differentiate words Help to identify forms Indicate musical pitch Stress voice on accented syllable Differentiate words Help to identify forms Indicate musical pitch Stress voice on accented syllable Accentuation

Accents stand over a vowel or over the second vowel of a diphthong. Acute ( ´ ) Circumflex ( ⁀ ) Grave ( ` ) Accents stand over a vowel or over the second vowel of a diphthong. Acute ( ´ ) Circumflex ( ⁀ ) Grave ( ` ) Accent Marks

A syllable is an utterance unit with one, and only one, vowel or diphthong at its center What is a Syllable?

Every Greek word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels or diphthongs. βλ έ πω βλ έ -πω λ ό γο  λ ό -γο  Every Greek word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels or diphthongs. βλ έ πω βλ έ -πω λ ό γο  λ ό -γο  The Syllable RULE

Last syllable – ultima One before that – penult One before that - antepenult Last syllable – ultima One before that – penult One before that - antepenult The Syllables

Present Active Indicative (verb or personal endings) Present Active Indicative (verb or personal endings)

Tense – Kind of Action Voice – Relationship of action to subject Mood – Speaker’s attitude toward the reality of his statement Tense – Kind of Action Voice – Relationship of action to subject Mood – Speaker’s attitude toward the reality of his statement The Greek Verb

Linear (durative) Punctiliar (point) Combination Linear (durative) Punctiliar (point) Combination Tense Tense of the Verb

Active – Subject is doing action Middle – Subject is acting with reference to himself Passive – Subject is being acted upon Active – Subject is doing action Middle – Subject is acting with reference to himself Passive – Subject is being acted upon Voice Voice of the Verb

Indicative – States a thing to be true Subjunctive – Doubt or contingency Imperative – Commands a thing to be true Indicative – States a thing to be true Subjunctive – Doubt or contingency Imperative – Commands a thing to be true Mood Mood of the Verb

First Second Third First Second Third Person Person of the Verb

Singular Plural Singular Plural Number Number of the Verb

Singular 1 λυ-ωI am loosing 2 λυ-ει  You are loosing 3 λυ-ειHe, she, it is loosing Singular 1 λυ-ωI am loosing 2 λυ-ει  You are loosing 3 λυ-ειHe, she, it is loosing Present Active Indicative λυω Present Active Indicative λυω

Plural 1 λυ-ομενWe are loosing 2 λυ-ετεYe are loosing 3 λυ-ουσιThey are loosing Plural 1 λυ-ομενWe are loosing 2 λυ-ετεYe are loosing 3 λυ-ουσιThey are loosing Present Active Indicative λυω Present Active Indicative λυω

The part of the verb that remains constant throughout. Progressive Tense System Stem is λυ- The part of the verb that remains constant throughout. Progressive Tense System Stem is λυ- Verb Stem

To give all the variations of a verb in its terminations in the proper order. Present Active Indicative of λυω λυωλυομεν λυει  λυετε λυειλυουσι To give all the variations of a verb in its terminations in the proper order. Present Active Indicative of λυω λυωλυομεν λυει  λυετε λυειλυουσι Verb Conjugation

Fully identify a particular verb according to its form λυομεν Tense – Present Voice – Active Mood – Indicative Person – 1 st Number – Plural of λυω We are loosing Fully identify a particular verb according to its form λυομεν Tense – Present Voice – Active Mood – Indicative Person – 1 st Number – Plural of λυω We are loosing Verb Parsing

Gender Number Case Gender Number Case The Greek Noun

Masculine Feminine Neuter *Grammatical Gender is not the same as sex. Masculine Feminine Neuter *Grammatical Gender is not the same as sex. Gender Gender of the Noun

The vocabularies will always list nouns with their definite articles. Masculine gender ὁ (the) Feminine gender ἡ (the) Neuter genderτ ό (the) *The definite article always agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun that it modifies. The vocabularies will always list nouns with their definite articles. Masculine gender ὁ (the) Feminine gender ἡ (the) Neuter genderτ ό (the) *The definite article always agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun that it modifies.

Singular Plural *Verbs agree with their subject in number. Singular Plural *Verbs agree with their subject in number. Number Number of the Noun

Nominative – Case of the Subject Genitive – Case of Possession Dative – Case of Indirect Object Accusative – Case of Direct Object Nominative – Case of the Subject Genitive – Case of Possession Dative – Case of Indirect Object Accusative – Case of Direct Object Case Case of the Noun

Listing of a noun in all four cases, both numbers with gender case endings that correspond to the gender of the noun. SingularPlural Nom.λογ-ο  λογ-οι Gen.λογ-ουλογ-ων Dat.λογ- ῳ λογ-οι  Acc.λογ-ονλογ-ου  Listing of a noun in all four cases, both numbers with gender case endings that correspond to the gender of the noun. SingularPlural Nom.λογ-ο  λογ-οι Gen.λογ-ουλογ-ων Dat.λογ- ῳ λογ-οι  Acc.λογ-ονλογ-ου  Declension of the Noun

All nouns of the first declension ending in α or η are feminine. Types of Feminine 1 st Declension Nouns: 1) α in their endings throughout the singular 2) η in their endings throughout the singular 3) α in their endings in nom. & acc. singular η in their endings in gen. & dat. Singular *The plural endings are the same for all three types. All nouns of the first declension ending in α or η are feminine. Types of Feminine 1 st Declension Nouns: 1) α in their endings throughout the singular 2) η in their endings throughout the singular 3) α in their endings in nom. & acc. singular η in their endings in gen. & dat. Singular *The plural endings are the same for all three types. 1st Declension Feminine Nouns

Adjectives, including the article, agree with the nouns they modify, in gender, number and case, but not necessarily in the form of the endings. The Greek Adjective

Adjectives are used in two distinct ways: 1) Attributively 2) Predicatively Adjectives are used in two distinct ways: 1) Attributively 2) Predicatively The Greek Adjective

Attributively – the Greek adjective has a definite article immediately in front of it. Predicatively – the Greek adjective is not preceded immediately by an article. Attributively – the Greek adjective has a definite article immediately in front of it. Predicatively – the Greek adjective is not preceded immediately by an article. The Greek Adjective

Substantive – the Greek adjective, especially one with the definite article, that does not accompany a noun, can be used as though it were a noun. The Greek Adjective

The Greek Definite Article

                     