Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages?

Ch 5.2 Why is English Related to Other Languages? Accent Dialect Languages that are related can be organized by using a tree for a diagram. Language Language Group (clump of leaves) Language Branch Language Family (trunk) Super Language Families (roots)

(about half the world speaks) Indo-European Language Families (about half the world speaks) All these languages are related through a common ancestral language that existed before recorded history. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7163/fig_tab/449665a_F1.html

Indo-European Language Families 8 Branches Germanic Romance (Latin) Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Greek Celtic Albanian (Anatolian) Armenian

5.2 Bellwork Organize the language classification categories from largest (most inclusive) to the smallest (most specific). Then arrange the specific examples of each category in their correct places. Possible Categories Language branch Language group Language subgroup Language family Dialect Language Accent You can use a chart OR You can use a tree.

5.2 Bellwork Organize the language classification categories from largest (most inclusive) to the smallest (most specific). Then arrange the specific examples of each category in their correct places. Categories Examples Language branch English Language group Indo-European Language family Boston Dialect West Germanic Language Northeastern Accent Germanic You can use a tree.

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language subgroup Language family Dialect Language Accent Language classification Example Examples Northeastern English Indo-European Boston Low Germanic Germanic West Germanic

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Germanic Language Group West Germanic Language Subgroup Low Germanic Language English Dialect Northeastern Accent Boston

Indo-European Germanic Western Germanic Low Germanic English Northeastern dialect Boston accent

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language family Dialect Language Accent Language classification Example Examples German Indo-European High Germanic Germanic West Germanic

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Germanic Language Group West Germanic Language Subgroup High Germanic Language German

Indo-European Germanic West Germanic High Germanic German

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language family Dialect Language Accent Language classification Example Examples Norwegian Indo-European Germanic North Germanic

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Germanic Language Group North Germanic Language Norwegian

Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Norwegian

Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch West Germanic (cool colors-blue) English (514 million) German (128) Dutch (21) North Germanic (warm colors-red) Danish (5) Norwegian (5) Swedish (9)

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language family Language Language classification Example Examples Urdu & Hindi Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indic (Eastern)

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Indo-Iranian Language Group Indic (eastern group) Language Urdu (Pakistan) Hindi (India)

Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indic Urdu & Hindi

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language family Language Language classification Example Examples Persian (Farsi) Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian (Western)

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Indo-Iranian Language Group Iranian (western group) Language Persian (Farsi)

Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Persian

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language family Language Language classification Example Examples East Slavic Indo-European Russian Balto-Slavic

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Balto-Slavic Language Group East Slavic Language Russian

Indo-European Balto-Slavic East Slavic Russian

Language classification Categories Language branch Language group Language family Language Language classification Example Examples South Slavic Indo-European Serbian Balto-Slavic

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Balto-Slavic Language Group South Slavic Language Serbian (also Bosnian, Croatian)

Indo-European Balto-Slavic South Slavic Serbian

Language classification Categories Language branch Dialect Language group Language family Language Language classification Example Examples Castilian Romance Indo-European Spanish

Language classification Example Language Family Indo-European Language Branch Romance Language Group -- Language Spanish Dialect Castilian

Indo-European Romance Spanish Castilian

Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch Like English, these languages have spread by Colonialism (mostly in Latin America). 1. Spanish (425 mil.) 3. French (129) 2. Portuguese (194) 4. Italian (62) - most in Brazil 5. Romanian (26)

Indo-European Family - Romance Branch The Roman Empire, at its height in 2nd century A.D., extinguished many local languages. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, communication declined and languages evolved again. Literature was all written in Latin until the 13th and 14th centuries. Vulgar Latin: (non-standard / slang version of Latin) spread by Roman soldiers and spoken in many Roman provinces.

CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language and becomes the mother tongue of people. Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creoles? New Orleans’ French Quarter 1. mo pe aste sa banan 2. de bin alde luk dat big tri 3. a waka go a wosu 4. olmaan i kas-im chek 5. li pote sa bay mo 6. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket I am buying the banana they always looked for a big tree he walked home the old man is cashing a check he brought that for me this little pig went to market French English English French German English

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Languages It can not be proven that there was a single ancestor to the Indo-European language family but there is evidence that a Proto-Indo-European language did exist. Evidence is found in similar words in different languages such as oak, bear, deer, and pheasant and other words that could have been a part of daily life. Indo-European languages share similar words for winter and snow, but not for ocean. Linguists believe that the Proto-Indo-European language came from a cold climate that did not have contact with the ocean.

Kurgan Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin (by Marija Gimbutas) CONQUEST theory Started in Russia/Kazakhstan Nomadic herders & warriors used domesticated horses to conquer Europe and Asia

Anatolian Hearth Theory (by Renfrew) AGRICULTURAL theory From Turkey, diffused throughout Europe along with agricultural practices, not warfare

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European Language Theories Because language groups were isolated, distinct languages developed.

Ch 5.2 Quiz

Ch 5.2 Quiz Related languages are organized by the following hierarchy A. branch-family-group B. family-group-branch C. group-family-branch D. family-branch-group E. branch-group-family

Ch 5.2 Quiz English is part of which language group? A. Germanic B. North Germanic C. West Germanic D. Indo-European E. Romance

Ch 5.2 Quiz English is part of which language family? A. Germanic B. North Germanic C. West Germanic D. Indo-European E. Romance

Ch 5.2 Quiz Which of the following is NOT a Romance language? A. Bulgarian B. Italian C. Portuguese D. Romanian E. French

Ch 5.2 Quiz The most widely spoken language in Brazil is? A. Creole B. French C. Portuguese D. Spanish E. Catalan

Ch 5.2 Quiz A creolized language is A. extinct. B. a mix of indigenous and colonial languages. C. an isolated language family. D. a possible prehistoric superfamily. E. a revived formerly extinct language.

Ch 5.2 Quiz The two most important languages in South America are A. Dutch and English. B. English and Spanish. C. French and Spanish. D. Portuguese and Creole. E. Portuguese and Spanish.

Ch 5.2 Quiz The most widely spoken Indo-European language is A. English. B. Hindi. C. Spanish. D. Bengali. E. French.

Ch 5.2 Quiz Indo-European is divided into 8 branches. Which is NOT one of the major branches from the Indo-European family? A. Romance B. Celtic C. Indo-Iranian D. Germanic E. Balto-Slavic

Ch 5.2 Quiz Scientists agree that a Proto-Indo-European language existed from which all Indo-European languages were derived, but disagree where its hearth was located. Which theory places its hearth in present-day Kazakhstan? A. Anatolian Migration theory B. Proto Migration theory C. Renfrew Agricultural theory D. Kurgan Conquest theory E. Gray Language Spread theory