Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist.

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Presentation transcript:

Glucose is an indispensable metabolite ● The brain requires at least ~50% of its calories in the form of glucose ● Red blood cells exclusively subsist on glucose ● Glucose is a precursor of other sugars needed in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids ● Glucose is needed to replenish NADPH, which supplies reducing power for biosynthesis and detoxification

© Michael Palmer 2014

The pyruvate carboxylase reaction © Michael Palmer 2014

The active site of E. coli biotin carboxylase © Michael Palmer 2014

Activation of bicarbonate and carboxylation of biotin © Michael Palmer 2014

The carboxylation of pyruvate © Michael Palmer 2014

The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction © Michael Palmer 2014

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6- phosphatase © Michael Palmer 2014

Energy balance of gluconeogenesis © Michael Palmer 2014

Mitochondrial substrate transport in gluconeogenesis © Michael Palmer 2014

Ethanol degradation inhibits gluconeogenesis © Michael Palmer 2014

Simultaneous activity of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis creates futile cycles © Michael Palmer 2014

Glucose phosphorylation cycling involves two separate compartments © Michael Palmer 2014

Allosteric regulation limits fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylationcycling © Michael Palmer 2014

Hormonal control of phosphofructokinase andfructose-1,6-bisphosphatase © Michael Palmer 2014

The secondary messengers cAMP and fructose-2,6- bisphosphate © Michael Palmer 2014

Regulation of pyruvate kinase ● allosteric inhibition by ATP ● allosteric activation by alanine and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ● inhibition by PKA-mediated phosphorylation