Subsistence in Rural Alaska: A Mixed Economy Prepared by: Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game April 2000; updated June 2003.

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Presentation transcript:

Subsistence in Rural Alaska: A Mixed Economy Prepared by: Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Fish and Game April 2000; updated June 2003

DEFINITION Subsistence consists of the “customary and traditional uses” of wild resources for food, clothing, art, crafts, fuel, transportation, construction, sharing, and customary trade.

Subsistence hunting provides clothing, Nikolai  Liz Williams ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Smokehouse, Interior Alaska  Bill Simeone ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Elders at a feast, Nikolai  Liz Williams ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Alaska’s Rural and Urban Population, 1995

How are Alaska’s fish and wildlife harvested?

Where do subsistence harvests occur?

What resources make up the subsistence harvest?

Berry picking in Nikolai  Liz Williams ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Moose meat drying, Nikolai  Davin Holen ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Composition of Subsistence Harvests Across the State

Diversity of Subsistence Harvests

Getting fish from a fish wheel, Tyonek  Bill Simeone ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Patterned Seasonal Round

Cracking herring for the eggs, Prince William Sound  Bill Simeone ADF& G Division of Subsistence

How many households in rural Alaska participate in subsistence?

Moosehide drying, Nikolai  Davin Holen ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Nutritional Values of Subsistence Foods Annual Wild Food Production, Lbs/person Total Annual Wild Food Production, Lbs Percent of Population’s Required 49 grams per day Percent of Population’s Required 2400 calories per day Replacement $5 per pound Rural Areas Urban Areas ,714,6069,740,12 242% 15% 35%2% $218,573,030$48,700,080

Smoking fish in a tent, Interior Alaska  Bill Simeone ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Subsistence is a Family Affair An Extended Family at Port Graham that Cooperated in Subsistence Salmon Fishing and Processing, 1980s

Munyuk: barbecuing salmon, Prince William Sound  Bill Simeone ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Subsistence in rural Alaska is part of a mixed economy; cash is used to support subsistence activities.

Fishing boat used for subsistence; crab pot on deck  Bill Simeone ADF& G Division of Subsistence

How does income relate to subsistence? Subsistence Harvests by Income, Six Lower Yukon River Communities Household’s Major Income Mean Household Mean Household SourcesIncomeHarvests Wage Employment and $23,3625,274lbs Commercial Fishing Wage Employment Only$19,0254,608lbs Commercial Fishing Only$19,9263,920lbs Transfer Payments (e.g. ADC)$6,468435lbs

How do rural and urban incomes compare? Mean Income per Income Tax Return, , Grouped by Rural and Urban Areas Urban Juneau$24,250 Rural southeast$15,402 Urban Anchorage$24,457 Rural Southcentral$15,238 Urban Fairbanks$24,677 Rural Interior$12,275 Rural Southwest$15,147 Rural Alaska$15,025 Rural Western$9,366

Distribution of Subsistence Foods within a Family

An Orthodox Nameday party in Chignik Lake ©Patricia Partnow

Elder receiving bear meat, Nikolai  Liz Williams ADF& G Division of Subsistence

Subsistence Harvesters Use Their Home Territories Subsistence Harvesters Use Their Home Territories 93% 6% 1% Copper Basin Moose Harvests,

Fish weir at Salcha, 1915 Photo courtesy of ADF&G

Pulling up a fish trap, Salcha, 1915 Photo courtesy of ADF&G

Fishing at Salcha, 1915 Photo courtesy of ADF&G

A fish from the fish trap, Salcha 1915 Photo courtesy of ADF&G

In Comparison: The Urban Economy and Food Corporations and non-family businesses control land, resources, and capital. Food is produced for the market. Labor is bought by businesses and sold by the workers.

Urban Economy, cont. Work schedules are determined by industrial and business schedules, not natural cycles. Each step of food production and distribution is managed by a different specialist. Some jobs in the food production and distribution cycle pay more than others.

Urban Economy, cont. Fishing and hunting are viewed as either: 1) money-making activities (commercial fishing, guiding) or 2) recreational/sport activities (breaks from work for fun).  The state and/or federal governments control access and regulation of fishing and hunting.

For more information : Division of Subsistence Alaska Department of Fish & Game PO Box Juneau, Alaska (Voice); (FAX ) Web Address: subsist/subhome.htm