Jennifer Richter, Laura Talaga, Courtney Low, Vi Nguyen, Morgan Tannenbaum, Erin Burton

Signs of a Healthy Piglet Active & alert, with bright eyes and curious. Body temperature of 102.5° F Sleek haircoat Tightly curled tails Clean and dry Strong appetite & weight gain

Healthy Piglet Weaning Average Wean Age: days Average Wean Weight: lbs Growth during 1 st week post weaning: Pigs that grow 0.5 lb per day the 1 st week of weaning were 17 lbs heavier at market

Feeding Post Weaning Piglets First 7 days post weaning: critical period Important to remember extreme nutritional changes occur at weaning! Creep feeding recommended Stimulates pig to eat (appetite) & helps find feed Scatter 1lb feed per 30 heads on mat 4-6x daily Gruel Feeding Pigs having trouble starting on dry feed (water + commercial feed)

Managing Healthy Post Weaning Piglets Water intake is critical 1 nipple for 10 pigs or 1 bowl/trough per 20 pigs Height of nipple: shoulder height of smallest piglet Zone Heating provides 82 0 F Pigs lay 1 ½ “deep” = lie touching each other w/ heads on neighbors flank

Identifying SICK piglets: careful observation is the key Rough hair coat or fuzzy appearance Sucked in flanks. Obvious empty belly. Depressed or lethargic. Head down or droopy. Ears laid back. Laying along the gate. Not active or competing. Feed refusal. Lameness. Piling. Temperature > 102°F (38.8°C) Signs to look for:

Sucked in flanks and stomach is a good indication the pig has not been eating.

Some pigs have rough hair coats which is typical 3- 6 days post wean but bellies are round indicating that pigs are on feed and doing well.

Our Case Homer Zuckerman’s Famous Pig Farm Reports in the last 2 months: 14 emaciated 6 dead Age range: 3-6 months old

Clinical Signs Wasting Enlarged lymph nodes (inguinal) Ill thrift Rough hair coat Pale skin Dyspnea Icterus Diarrhea

DDx PMWS Post Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome PRRS Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Swine Influenza Mycoplasma Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)

PMWS and related PCVAD’s PMWS aka Severe Systemic Porcine Circovirus 2 infection One of many PCV2 associated diseases PCVADS Porcine respiratory disease complex Granulomatous enteritis Reproductive failure Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy

PMWS Effects Post weaning piglets 4-14 weeks Pregnant sows in 1 st or 2 nd trimester

Direct: feces, respiratory secretions, urine. Fecal-oral or oro-nasal route. Hematogenous dissemination Ubiquitous in swine herds worldwide: Natural protection; early antigen exposure Most infections subclinical only 10-30% clinical Maternal antibody protection to piglets from exposed sows Transmission

Clinical Signs Weight loss/muscle wasting, dyspnea, enlarged lymph nodes, jaundice, pallor and ill thrift

Sows: Abortion or fetal resorption, SMEDI

PMWS: complex and multi- factorial Dz Pathogenesis and cellular tropisms remain unknown Replication in monocytic cell lines = granulomatous lesions ??? PCV2 is necessary, but co-factors are more significant in development of PMWS.

COFACTORS 1. Co-infections + PPV + PRRS + Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 2. Management Factors: Co-mingling, diet change, pathogen exposure and separation of piglets from sows Challenge and suppress pig’s immune system 3. Immunostimulation (?): Concurrent vax + PVC2 exposure = enhanced severity of clinical disease

Kidney and liver: variable; diffusely scattered white foci Gross pathologic findings of PMWS

Lung- non-collapsable and palpably firm

Lymph node- enlarged; granulomatous infiltrates Gross pathologic findings of PMWS

Histopathologic findings of PMWS Lymph node: multinucleated giant cells, histiocytic infiltrates; lymphoid cell depletion Lungs: interstitial pneumonia with lymphohistiocytic infiltrate

Histopathologic findings of PMWS “The Grapes of Wrath”- characteristic botryoid inclusion bodies in lymph nodes, tonsils and Peyer’s patches

Diagnosis of PMWS 1) Clinical signs in weaned pigs wasting and dyspnea. 2) Gross- or histo- pathological findings interstitial pneumonia granulomatous lesions, botryoid inclusion bodies lympho-histiocytic infiltrates 3) Demonstration of the presence of PCV2 in the lesions Immunohistochemistry In-situ hybridization

Control of PMWS Good management practices Semen from insemination centers vs. on- farm Control of co-infections PRRS Parvo PCV2 vaccines

Vaccines Intervet Circumvent™ PCV (US and Canada) Healthy pigs 3 weeks and older 2 IM injections 3 weeks apart Fort Dodge Suvaxyn PCV2® One Dose (US) PCV1-2 Chimera Healthy pigs 4 weeks and older 1 single dose IM Boehringer Ingleheim Ingelvac® CircoFLEX™ (US and Canada) Healthy pigs 3 weeks and older 1 singe dose IM Merial Circovac® (Europe and Canada) Primary Vaccination 2 injections 3-4 weeks apart at least 2 weeks before mating Revaccination 1 injection at each gestation at least 2-4 weeks before farrowing Healthy female breeding age pigs

Benefits of vaccination Reduced mortality rate and morbidity Decreased mortality before weaning after vaccination of sows Decreased mortality in fourth month of life after vaccination of piglets Reduced PCV2 viremia and viral load Reduction in clinical signs and co-infections associated with PMWS Improved productivity Greater average daily weight gain Greater carcass weight at slaughter

Herd Management The basic principle of herd management with pigs is to Reduce STRESS! Handle with care, gentleness and patience Check herd daily on a strict schedule Walk though pens once a day ID sick pigs right away and move them to a separate pen

Herd Management Options All In/ All Out Continuous Flow

All In/ All Out Pigs of the same size or age are housed together in order to decrease the opportunity for diseases to spread

AI/ AO Advantages Disadvantages Disease spread is easier to contain Pigs are less stressed when the remain within familiar social groups Cleaning & disinfecting achievable between groups Must have adequate space Space is less efficiently allocated

Continuous Flow Animals are added to the group as the are old enough or large enough These animal may be in different stages of development

Continuous Flow Advantages Disadvantages Space is used efficiently Pigs of various immunocompetence are placed together Frequent social group changes Cleaning & Disinfecting between groups is not feasible

Special thanks to: Dr Wallace Dr GyimahDr Castillo

References Early Pig Care Manual. PIC. Hendersonville, TN Harding JCS, Clark EG. Recognizing and diagnosing Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). Swine health and production. Vol. 5, number Swine Production. 15 March, “Chapter 1: Management practices and animal husbandry.” Swine Care Handbook March ate=articleview&redirect=1&objectid= ate=articleview&redirect=1&objectid=

pmws-a-review Krokowka S, Ellis JA, Meehan B, Kennedy S, McNeilly and Allan G. Viral Wasting Syndrome of Swine: Experimental Reproduction of PMWS in Gnotobiotic Swine by Coinfection with PCV2 and PPV. SAGE Journals online. http: //vet.sagepub.com/content/37/3/245.full "ScienceDirect - Preventive Veterinary Medicine : Risk factors for porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in 149 French farrow-to-finish herds." ScienceDirect - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar < 2&_user= &_coverDate= Tucker AW. Porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): a review. The Pig Journal. April References

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