Protists I & II Lab 4 BIOL 171

Remember!: Classification System

Ancestral Eukaryote We’ll be looking at all of these! Protists are everywhere in Eukarya! “the junk drawer of the eukaryotes”  Saving for next week. Yep.

Ancestral Eukaryote We’ll be looking at all of these! Protists are everywhere in Eukarya! “the junk drawer of the eukaryotes”

6 Kingdoms Plants (Plantae) Animals (Animalia) Fungi (Fungi) Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Protista These are considered “qualitative” terms— not correct science terminology.

Linnaeus [5] Linnaeus [5] (1735) 2 kingdoms Haeckel [6] Haeckel [6] (1866) 3 kingdoms Chatton [7] Chatton [7] (1925) 2 groups Copeland [8] Copeland [8] (1938) 4 kingdoms Whittaker [2] Whittaker [2] (1969) 5 kingdoms WoeseWoese [9][10] (1977,1990) 3 domains [9][10] Animalia Eukaryote Animalia Eukarya VegetabiliaPlantae Protoctista Fungi Protista (not treated) Protista ProkaryoteMonera Archaea Bacteria A constantly changing system…

Lab Study:Trichonympha Excavata - Parabasalids Lives in the intestine of the termite Bacterial endosymbionts inside Trichonympha digest cellulose - Termite > Trichonympha > Spirochetes Procedure 1.Place a couple of drops of Ringer’s solution on a clean slide. 2.Transfer a termite into the drop of solution. 3.Place slide under a dissecting microscope. 4.Place the tips of dissecting needles at either end of the termite and pull in opposite directions. 5.Locate the long tube that is the termite’s intestine. 6.Place a cover slip over the specimen and lightly press down on coverslip to release the Trichonympha from the intestines. Observe with a compound microscope.

Lab Study A: Excavata - Euglenozoans - Trypanosoma and red blood cells

Lab Study B: Alveolates Dinoflagellates: mixed dinoflagellates (live & wet mount), and Peridinium (wet mount) not in manual Ciliates: Paramecium caudatum – (wet mount) in manual

Dinoflaggelates

Paramecium structures

Lab Study C: Stramenopiles Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) – make wet mount Also observe diatomaceous earth (the cell wall deposits from diatoms) – make wet mount and look at prepared slides

Diatom diversity

Diatom cell wall made of silica

Stramenopile flagella

Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) Living: Ectocarpus and Sphacelaria Preserved: Fucus and Laminaria

Lab Study D: Rhizaria (different title from manual) Foraminiferans - prepared slides Radiolarians – prepared slides

Foraminiferans (forams) - prepared slides

Radiolarians - prepared slides

Amoebozoans…. Hang in there.

Lab Study E: Amoebozoans Amoeba proteus Pseudopodia – temporary extensions of amoeboid cells, function in moving and engulfing food

Lab Study E (still): Slime Molds (Mycetozoa) Protists which use spores to reproduce Heterotrophic – requires carbon in organic form, cannot manufacture its own Feed using phagocytosis Suggests they descended from unicellular amoeba-like organisms Two types: plasmodial and cellular (we will be observing plasmodial type today)

Physarum (slime mold) Plasmodial stage – vegetative stage that consists of a multinucleate mass of protoplasm (no cell walls), feeds on bacteria as it creeps along the surface of moist logs or dead leaves Fruiting bodies – reproductive structures that produce spores

Physarum (plasmodial stage) Is slime mold smarter than Japan's railway engineers?Is slime mold smarter than Japan's railway engineers?  check it out!

Slime Mold Life Cycle

Think about… Morphological characteristics Ecology of the organism How does the organism get around? What role do they play in the ecosystem? Do they have any economic value? Where do they live? Don’t know the answer?? It’s probably a great research question! Ask me about it.

Protists 2 Laboratory 4 (still) BIOL 171

What is red algae? Eukaryotic Photosynthetic Mostly multicellular NOT plants Most are aquatic

Lab Study F: Red Algae (Rhodophyta) Simplest is single-celled, but most have a macroscopic, multicellular body form Autotrophic (photosynthetic)– manufactures its own organic nutrients from inorganic carbon sources Contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin Not all are red! Many green, black, even blue, depending on the depth in the ocean they grow

Living Specimens Porphyridium

Preserved specimens Chondrus crispus Porphyra coralline algae

Porphyra life cycle both sexual and asexual – alternation of generations!

Coralline algae – “living rock” Extremely important role in the ecology of coral reefs: sea urchins, fish, and mollusks eat them (herbivore enhancement). Create microhabitats that protect invertebrates from predation. Cell walls composed of calcium carbonate – this allows it to fossilize Economic importance: soil conditioners, food additive for livestock, water filtration, medical vermifuge (stopped late in 18 th century), preparation of dental bone implants

Economic Uses Agar – polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of red algae, used to grow bacteria and fungi Carrageenan – extracted from red algae cell walls, used to give the texture of thickness and richness to foods such as dairy drinks and soups. Porphyra (or nori) – seaweed wrappers for sushi, billion-dollar industry!

Lab Study G: Green Algae (Chlorophyta) unicellular motile and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular – GREAT DIVERSITY Live primarily in freshwater Share many characteristics with land plants – Storage of starch, presence of chlorophylls a and b, photosynthetic pathways, and organic compounds called flavonoids Most botanists support the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae

Living Specimens Chlamydomonas Pandorina Volvox Pediastrum Closterium

Volvox Daughter colonies

Preserved Specimens Ulva Chara

Table 4: Representative Green Algae (pg. 72) NameBody FormCharacteristics SpirogyraFilamentous UlvaLeaf like CharaBranched ChlamydomonasUnicellular flagellate PandorinaAggregate VolvoxColony (flagellate) PediastrumNon-motile colony ClosteriumNon-motile single celled

Psychedelic slime mold video: