6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide: Just to get you thinking! T/FAll bacteria are harmful! T/FOnly animals move. T/FAll animals are vertebrates. T/FHumans are not animals. T/FMushrooms are plants. T/FViruses are living cells.

Section Domains and Kingdoms Today’s biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. The three domains are: –Archaea –Eubacteria (Bacteria) –Eukarya (Eukaryota) Organisms are classified into domains according to cell type and structure.

Domains and Kingdoms (cont.) Within the domains are six kingdoms: –Archaea (or Archaebacteria) –Eubacteria –Protists –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia Organisms are arranged into kingdoms based on cell type, structure, and nutrition.

(BACTERIA)

Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaea or Archaebacteria –Prokaryotes that reproduce asexually –More ancient than bacteria –No peptidoglycan in cell walls –Diverse in nutrition requirements Most are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic –Called extremophiles because they live in extreme environments Boiling hot springs, salty lakes,thermal vents on ocean floor, mud of marshes where there is no oxygen So may or may not need oxygen to live

Archaea (Extremophiles)

Domain Eubacteria (Bacteria) Kingdom Eubacteria – prokaryotes whose cell wall contains peptidoglycan – a strong polymer of two alternating sugars –A diverse group that can survive in many different environments and that reproduce asexually. –All are unicellular –Some are: Aerobic (require oxygen) OR Anaerobic (die in presence of oxygen) –And they are either Autotrophic (produce their own food) OR Heterotrophic (get their food from other organisms)

Eubacteria (Peptidoglycan )

Eubacteria Streptococcus pyogenes Escheria coli

Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Contains the following Kingdoms: –Protista –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

The Domain Eukarya (or Eukaryota)

Kingdom Protista Domain Eukarya Eukaryote Unicellular & Multicellular Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Require oxygen (aerobic) Reproduce sexually or asexually or both Plant-like – may or may not have cell walls

Kingdom Protista Euglena n/Euglena.htmlhttp:// n/Euglena.html, by Mary Olavsen aculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio %20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/ Protists/protists.htm Amoeba proteus Giant Sea Kelp pros.com/giant.htm Slime Mold Paramecium caudatum

Fungus-like Animal-like Plant-like Major Groups of Protista:

Kingdom Fungi Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Cell wall, chitin Unicellular or Multicellular Heterotrophic Aerobic Reproduce sexually, asexually or both

Kingdom Fungi Shelf Fungus fungi.html Penicillium notatum Z/Allergenes/f_allerg.htm Yeasts

Major Groups GroupsExamples ZygomycotaBread molds AscomycotaSac fungi, yeasts & molds Basidiomycota Club fungi, shelf fungi, (mushrooms) DeuteromycotaParasitic molds, athlete’s foot Major Groups of Fungi

Blue-green “algae” or cyanobacteria Chemoautotrophs Spirillus (spiral-shaped) Bacillus (rod-shaped) Coccus (spherical-shaped) Major Groups

Kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes Cell wall made of cellulose Multicellular Autotrophic (all do photosynthesis) Oxygen required Reproduce sexually, asexually or both.

Kingdom Plantae

Plant Diversity Bryophytes (non-vascular) Pterophytes (seedless, vascular) Coniferophytes (naked seed, vascular & cone-bearing) Anthophytes (covered seed, vascular & flowering) Major Groups

Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya Eukaryotes No cell wall Multicellular All are heterotrophic –Digestion takes place inside the body. All require oxygen Reproduce sexually, asexually or both.

Kingdom Animalia

Sponges Worms Insects Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Major Groups of Animals

CharacteristicEubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Domain BacteriaArchaeaEukarya Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote) ProkaryoticEukaryotic Cellularity (single-celled or multi) UnicellularBothMulticellular Nutrition Autotrophic & HeterotrophicHetero-Auto-Hetero- Reproduction (sexual or asexual) Both (binary fission & conjugation Both Protista are mostly asexual while animalia are mostly sexual. Special features and/or new adaptations Cell wall with peptidoglycan. Autotrophs have pigmentation. Classified by shape, cell wall & movement. Oldest and can live in harsh conditions. Classified by cell wall & movement, lack of shape. Fungi-like: Cell wall of chitin. Plant-like: Cell wall of cellulose. Chloroplasts & pigments. Classified by movement & nutrition. Cell wall of chitin. Specialized cells. Classified by reproduction Cell wall of cellulose. Specialized cells & tissues. Classified by derived characters Lacks cell wall Specialized cells, tissues, organs, organ systems Classified by derived characters Habitat EVERYWHERE BUT EXTREMES EXTREMES MOIST ENVIRONMENT LAND & WATER Major groups or phyla Cyanobacteria Gram + / - Salt-lovers & Methane producers Fungi, Plant, Animal-LIKE Molds, mushrooms, spore-forming, parasitic Nonvascular, vascular/seedless, vascular/seeded (flowering or non- flowering) Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

What About Viruses? Why don’t we classify them?

Viruses are Non-living! Viruses are nonliving strands of genetic material within a protein coat. Not classified into a domain as they are not considered to be living due to the following: –1. don’t exhibit all 8 characteristics of life –2. no organelles to take in nutrients or use energy –3. can’t make proteins –4. can’t move –5. can’t replicate on their own – require a host to do so

Viruses (cont.) Origin: Viruses may have evolved from parts of cells. Structure: –Capsid = outer layer made up of proteins. –Inside capsid is genetic material which is either DNA OR RNA, BUT NEVER BOTH! Types: Classified by the type of nucleic acids they contain. –DNA Virus, example = smallpox –RNA Virus called a RETROVIRUS = HIV

Bacteriophage: CAPSID This type of virus infects bacterial cells.

Virus Infecting a Host Cell