C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 2

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: terminology 2.The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 3.Verb accents 4.The negative οὐ 5.Common conjunctions

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: terminology 2.The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 3.Verb accents 4.The negative οὐ 5.Common conjunctions

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Five items to know and identify about every Greek verb: PERSON NUMBER TENSE MOOD VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 PERSON - subject of verb –1 st (I, we) –2 nd (you, y’all) –3 rd (she, he, it, they, Godzilla, etc) NUMBER TENSE MOOD VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 PERSON NUMBER - subject of verb –Singular (I, you, she, he, it, Godzilla) –Plural (we, y’all, they, Godzillas) TENSE MOOD VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 PERSON NUMBER TENSE - time –present MOOD VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 PERSON NUMBER TENSE MOOD – purpose of verb in sentence –indicative VOICE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 PERSON NUMBER TENSE MOOD VOICE – relationship of subject to verb –active

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 parse/parsing 1 st, 2 nd or 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR or PLURAL PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: principal parts “Principal parts” are a shorthand way of indicating how an individual verb forms its tenses. For example, in English: carry carried carried go went gone sing sang sung all summarize how these verbs form their tenses.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: principal parts In Greek, there are seven tenses and three voices, although few verbs have all possible combinations of these. Six principal parts provide the shorthand for the possible tenses and voices. We will learn these parts as we learn the tenses and voices.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: terminology 2.The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 3.Verb accents 4.The negative οὐ 5.Common conjunctions

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) All verbs in this chapter are present indicative active.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) All verbs in this chapter have two parts –a stem which tells you the vocabulary meaning of the verb –an ending which tells you the person and number

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Since only the ending tells you the person and number, you must use the ending to determine the subject of the verb (which normally will not be expressed by a separate word).

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 singular - ω (I) - εις (you) - ει (s/he, it) plural - ομεν (we) - ετε (you, y’all) - ουσι (they) the endings for present indicative active verbs

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 singular λύω (I loose) λύεις (you loose) λύει (s/he, it looses) plural λύομεν (we loose) λύετε (you, y’all loose) λύουσι (they loose) the stem λυ = “ loose”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 singular ἔχω (I have) ἔχεις (you have) ἔχει (s/he, it has) plural ἔχομεν (we have) ἔχετε (you, y’all have) ἔχουσι (they have) the stem ἐχ = “ have”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Greek has only one present tense, so ἔχ ομεν = –“we have” –or “we are having” –or “we do have”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) Any word in Greek which ends in - σι adds an additional – ν when followed by either (1) a word beginning with a vowel or (2) a mark of punctuation.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 2. The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) This rule affects the spelling and pronunciation of verbs in the 3 rd person plural. It does not change the meaning. –ἔχουσι καί... “they have and…” –ἔχουσιν ἀλλά... “they have but…” –ἔχουσιν. “they have.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Looking up a Greek verb In a vocabulary, glossary, lexicon, or dictionary, a Greek verb is listed by its 1 st person, singular, present, indicative, active form –λύω loose the form means “I loose,” but the vocabulary will just say “loose” the stem is everything before the –ω: –stem = λυ-

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: terminology 2.The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 3.Verb accents 4.The negative οὐ 5.Common conjunctions

ELEMENTARY GREEK Most Greek verbs have “recessive” accent = the accent wants to “recede” back (“left”) to the antepenult. The length of the vowel in the ultima determines how far back the accent can recede. If the ultima is short, the accent recedes to the antepenult: λύομεν short ultimaaccent on antepenult

ELEMENTARY GREEK Most words in Greek have “recessive” accent = the accent wants to “recede” back (“left”) to the antepenult. The length of the vowel in the the ultima determines how far back the accent can recede. If the ultima is long (= two shorts), the accent recedes only to the penult: λύω long ultimaaccent on penult

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: terminology 2.The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 3.Verb accents 4.The negative οὐ 5.Common conjunctions

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 4. The negative οὐ The word οὐ means “not” and negates a verb: λύομεν = “we loose” οὐ λύομεν = “we do not loose”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 4. The negative οὐ οὐ normally does not have an accent and precedes the word it negates: –οὐ λύομεν before a vowel, οὐ adds a – κ, with no change in meaning –οὐκ ἔχομεν before a vowel with a rough breathing, the –κ becomes a - χ, with no change in meaning –οὐχ ἕξομεν

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 1.Verb formation: terminology 2.The present active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part) 3.Verb accents 4.The negative οὐ 5.Common conjunctions

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 5. Common conjunctions This chapter introduces two common conjunctions καί and ἀλλά but

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 5. Common conjunctions Notice that both καί and ἀλλά have acute accents on the ultima. Any word with an acute accent on the ultima changes it to grave when followed by another word: γράφομεν καὶ θύομεν ἀλλὰ φεύγομεν “We write and we sacrifice but we run away.” this is the only use of the grave accent

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 5. Common conjunctions Before a word beginning with a vowel, ἀλλὰ elides to ἀλλ’ – διώκομεν ἀλλ’ οὐ φεύγομεν –“We pursue but we do not run away.”

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Vocabulary LSU uses a “Core Vocabulary” of about 1,100 words which you learn during the first two years of Greek. You are responsible only for vocabulary in Shelmerdine which also appears in the Core Vocabulary.

Shelmerdine Chapter 2 Vocabulary In Moodle is a pdf listing which words in Shelmerdine you are responsible for this semester All the vocabulary listed in Chapter 2 is in the Core Vocabulary.

ELEMENTARY GREEK for tomorrow (***): Quiz: given a verb (as in the vocabulary), write out all six forms