Chap 8- Photosynthesis _______- the ability to do work All living organisms must obtain and use energy to survive ___________: obtain energy from nonliving sources Plants and some other types of organisms able to use _______ energy from the sun to produce _______

Chap 8- Photosynthesis ___________- must obtain energy from an outside source (cannot make own) All organisms must release energy stored _________ by autotrophs Energy stored in ________ formed between atoms When bonds are broken (or new ones formed), _______ released

Chap 8- Photosynthesis ___________ _________ (___)- source of energy for the cell

Chap 8- Photosynthesis In the presence of _______, plants transform ______ ________and water into ___________ Release ________ in the process General equation: __CO 2 + __H 2 O  ________ + __O 2 Carbon dioxide + water  light  sugars + oxygen

Plant cells contain light-absorbing chemicals, called __________, that absorb certain _________ of visible light Principle pigment is ___________ (a & b) Absorb light in the ________ and ________ wavelengths _________ pigments absorb additional wavelengths and pass onto ___________

STROMAGRANA

Chap 8- Photosynthesis Process of photosynthesis involves _____ energy conversions: –__________ of light energy –Conversion of _____ energy into ________ energy –________ of chemical energy in the form of _______

Chap 8- Photosynthesis ________________ reactions: pigment molecules absorb light energy and convert it to ATP (light energy  chemical energy) -Takes place on ________ membrane Chemical energy used to make 6-carbon sugars from CO 2 – reaction known as the ________ _______ -Takes place in ________ (space surrounding thylakoids inside chloroplasts)

Light-Dependant Reactions Use energy from sunlight to produce energy carriers ____ and ______ (from ____ and _______) ______ gas is a by-product of these reactions (created by breaking ______)

Chap 8- Photosynthesis The Calvin Cycle ________________ reactions Plants use energy in ATP and NADPH to form long-term energy _______ molecules ATP & NADPH  high-energy ________ Sugars used as building blocks & for energy by plants

Chap 8- Photosynthesis _____ (activity per unit of time) of photosynthesis affected by: –Concentrations of ___ and _____ –____________ –_______ _________ –Availability of _________

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Chemical Energy & Food 1g of glucose = _____ calories of heat energy Food energy not released ___ ___ ____: released ___________ Process begins with chemical pathway called __________ (small amount of energy) If ________ present: leads to one pathway If __ ________ present: leads to different pathway

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration When oxygen is present: -glycolysis  -_____ ______  -electron transport chain Three pathways make up process called _______ ___________

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Releases energy from _______ and other food molecules in the presence of ______ General equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + _O 2  _CO 2 + _H 2 O + _____ ________ + _______  carbon dioxide + water + ________ Cell releases energy in little bits Captures the energy in _____

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Process which breaks a molecule of glucose in ____ Produces two molecules of ________ ____

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Fermentation _________ process (occurs without ______) Two types: ________ fermentation- yeast cells and some bacteria Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO 2 + NAD +

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration ______ ____ fermentation- in ______ during heavy exercise; unicellular organisms Pyruvic acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD + Microorganisms used to make variety of _____ products

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration ______ pathways: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain MUST have oxygen to occur

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid broken down into carbon dioxide in series of energy-extracting steps In process: __ CO 2 molecules released __ NADH produced __ ATP produced __ FADH 2 produced !!**per _______ of pyruvic acid**!!

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Electron Transport ETC (electron transport chain) uses the high-energy _________ from the Krebs cycle to convert ____ into ____ 1. ETC located on ______ mitochondrion membrane

2. With every two electrons, ___ ions are pumped across membrane Builds up concentration _________ across membrane 3. ___ ________ allows H + ions across membrane Uses energy of gradient to convert ADP to ATP (__ ATP for each pair of H + ions)

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Final Tally Glycolysis: 2 ATP2 NADH Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH 2 ETC: ___ ATP (from NADH & FADH 2 ) Total: ___ ATPfrom one molecule of ______

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Cell- ___% efficiency of extracting energy from glucose Gas engine- __%-__% efficiency Rest is lost as _____ energy

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration Comparison of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis “_______” energy Cellular respiration “________” energy Photosynthesis removes _______ ______ from atmosphere, adds _______ Cellular respiration removes _______ from atmosphere, adds _______ ________

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration General equation for Photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 General equation for Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O