Introduction to Rise of China Orville Schell Colorado Seminar Notes

China became communist in 1949 Mao Zedong in 1949, famously declared, “Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We…have stood up.”

Mao’s Communist Revolution 1940s & 50s Heart and soul of the revolution was anti- imperialism- anti- west, America and Japanese. Cultural Revolution- down with America! Isolated China!

Mao’s China Communist revolution- enemies again, U.S. citizens can’t go to mainland China.

Basic Idea of Communist China! Equality for all! Everyone is assigned a job. Childcare, education, all the basic services are provided by the government. No ownership of business, the government owns everything! People’s Basic needs are taken care of! Everyone works to make China strong!

Great Leap Forward- Propaganda Poster In reality, the Great Leap Forward was a disaster. Millions died of starvation and the idea of collective farming failed.

Cultural Revolution Mao’s final attempt for control and to revolutionize China was also a disaster. Lost Generation- closed universities and schools. China’s economy was on the brink of collapse, and China had not modernized.

Communist- State Owned Economic policies did not work! Communist economically! Government controls all the jobs. Isolated from world, no trade with outside world No modernity, cars, infrastructure etc. Total Propaganda supporting Mao’s Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution. One social class No Middle Class No Rich Everyone is equal- one social class. Mao Zedong’s ideas almost ruined China’s economy!!

What changes after Mao dies?

Mao Zedong Mausoleum at Tiananmen Square

Deng Xiaoping What Deng had the intelligence to see was that China would have to break out of its Maoist mold of state control! The entrepreneurial spirit had to be encouraged, and that the capitalist nature of some had to be openly accepted.

Deng’s Quotes. It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice. Reform is China's second revolution. To get rich is glorious. His theories would have been considered an abomination in Mao’s time

Deng in America 1980’s Deng comes to America Friendship with the U.S. visits Jimmy Carter Encourages trade and open relations!

Special Economic Zones In 1978 Deng started an ambitious program of economic reform. He ended collective farming, which freed farmers to choose what crops to grow and to sell any surplus for profit. Deng encouraged foreign trade and investment through joint ventures. Chinese to open their own business-capitalism!

Shanghai- SEZ!

Shenzhen, in Guangdong

Results of Economic reform! In last 25 years, China has moved 300 million people out of poverty & quadrupled the average person’s income Exports to the U.S. increased by 1600% in past 15 years. China is considered to be the “Workshop of the World”! The rapid economic progress has transformed cities and coastal areas.

Economic development China consumes more steel, coal, meat and grain than any other nation. It is also the world's fifth largest exporter, trading extensively with the EU, Japan and the US. In 2006, 80% of the world's consumer electronics were made in China. But for those in China's underdeveloped rural interior life remains difficult. The gap between rich and poor in China is one of the biggest in the world.

China Seminar Boulder, Colorado 2010 David Lampton John Hopkins University Version 2

Are American days behind us? Is China the world’s next Superpower? Power is moving from the U.S. to Asia- China. National Intelligence Report of 2008 (16 agencies agreed) The U.S. will be less dominant, but not necessarily in a decline. China sees the U.S on the decline, although less drastic than in Russia and our allies.

Why is China considered to be the next World power? In last 3 decades, China has moved 300 million people out of poverty & quadrupled the average person’s income Exports to the U.S. increased by 1600% in past 15 years. China is considered to be the “Workshop of the World”!

China is world power but does not want….. China does not want to be “ world leaders” or “police of the world.” They want to be recognized as a powerful country & are very proud of their accomplishments! They want to continue their own economic growth and development of their country!!

Powerful just like the United States! Nuclear Power Permanent Member of Security Council & Veto Power.

Second Largest economy in the World!

World’s largest army & largest pop- 1.3 billion

Largest army but still spends less then U.S. on military

China’s government says they want a “Peaceful Rise”. Will China use it’s power in a way that is constructive towards U.S., good chance but not guaranteed. The U.S. national policy towards China will help to create either a positive or negative environment. U.S. can influence China’s rise but not control it. China has a present strategy that many say the U.S can learn from.

Brain/Intellectual Power

Intellectual Power Education Chinese are sending more students to the west for training. In 1978 the education was at the level of Cambodia Chinese government has quadrupled education (for higher education); many new universities cities have been developed in just 1 decade. The government has doubled the % of the GDP in research and development

Infrastructure

Intellectual Power! Infrastructure Chinese government is using its money to invest in intelligent ways- infrastructure over military. Major investments in railroad systems, luxurious train system. Investment in roads, and all other forms of transportation. GDP- China’s debt is very low about 15% of GDP, the U.S. is much higher, 89-90% of debt. Major investments in Green Technology!!

China’s High Speed Train

Major modernization and economic growth has led to many problems in China… Corruption Pollution Censorship of media & speech Human Rights abuses by government

Industrial waste of the world! China is making everything for the world- industrial world. We outsourced all our jobs and outsourced all the pollution too! They get the blame but they are suffering from pollution on their own population!

Top leaders in China are all engineers! Politburo Standing Committee, China’s most powerful body in government.

Chinese Leaders have continued …. President-Hu Jintao New President- Xi Jinping, slogan The China Dream- 2013

Internet in China = political expression 1997 Internet started in China, by 2008 most internet users in the world! Internet has created active citizenship participation-blogs, chat rooms- social mobilization Internet is filtered, censored. Facebook, social media is more difficult to censor and control.

Freedom of Expression? Sometimes? Liu Xiaobo-Charter O8- calls for political reform. manifesto which advocates the gradual shifting in the direction of democracy. Arrested in 2008, for 11 year sentence. award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2010 (in jail couldn’t attend)

Religion in China Religion is still officially illegal, but is tolerated today as long as not a threat to Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Falun Gong (religion) CCP banned religion & began national crackdown