METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 1 MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: THE CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS DIRK GODENAU OBSERVATORY OF IMMIGRATION IN TENERIFE UNIVERSITY LA LAGUNA, CANARY ISLANDS, SPAIN

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 2 1. Particularities of migration in islands Insularity and social sciences About small open systems Volatility and resilience Actors matter Positionality and institutional membership Outermost regions (EU) as border regions Source: Frontex

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 3 Migration in islands: ¿different? Islands as stepping-stones and/or final destinations Routes: Easier to get to islands? Maritime areas more difficult to control? (Carling 2007) Land = line / Maritime = area? Air space control: even more difficult? Grouping, organization, visibility Other determinants of control costs: technology, other uses, remote control Natural impermeability High detection probability after arrival, no irregular way out

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 4 2. The context of the Canary Islands 2 million inhabitants, 10 million tourists, high population density and growth (  )  Conquered during 15 th century, net immigration in the long run Historically some traits of an “plantation island”, with exceptions Active part of “transatlantic economy” Mass tourism as the new mono-crop Migration episodes induced by drastic economic changes Long-running migration chains and networks (America, not Africa) Internal heterogenity: 7 islands – 7 places (worlds) (  )  Institutional setting: Canaries as outermost border region Bananas and tomatoes from the Canaries in Hamburg

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 5 3. External and internal migrations Immigration and outmigration periods (  )  The recent immigration boom (  )  Irregular migrant population (stocks): not related to boat people Irregular immigration (flows): cayuco crisis 2006 (  )  Link between internal and external mobility: vacuum hypothesis Low migration intensities between islands, high within islands (  )  External migration to booming local labor markets (tourism) (  )  Geographical matching through immigrants Explaining immobility of locals (  )  Tourists witnessing immigrant arrival

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 6 4. Discourse about migration New migration flows (low skilled labor) and new discourses Pro- and Anti-immigration discourses Carrying capacity hypothesis Insularity-vulnerability hypothesis Identity hypothesis (“we islanders”) Labor market hypothesis (30% unemployed) Law-and-order hypothesis (outermost region) Islands CANARIAS Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Tenerife La Gomera La Palma El Hierro Population densities

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 7 Thank you for your attention and see you in the Canary Islands!

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 8 Figure 1. Population Canary Islands (*) (*) census data, 2001 and 2011 population estimates INE Source: INE. Census and population estimates. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 9 Islands % of total population Canary Islands 2010 % of total foreign population % of total foreign tourists 2010 % of regional GDP 2008 Lanzarote6,712,917,27,4 Fuerteventura4,910,917,05,5 Gran Canaria39,926,428,641,2 Tenerife42,845,235,141,4 La Gomera1,11,31,20,9 La Palma4,13,00,83,3 El Hierro0,5 0,10,4 Table 1. Island shares in population, immigration, tourism and GDP Source: ISTAC. Own calculations. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 10 Figure 2. Intercensus net migration (until 1900 "población de hecho", "población de derecho") Source: INE. Population Census. Own calculations. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 11 Figure 3. Total external net migration Canary Islands Source: INE. Statistics on Residential Variations. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 12 Nationality Annual growth rate % of total foreign population in 1998 % of total foreign populatioin in 2009 European ,4%55,256,1 African ,1%12,310,2 American ,5%19,928,7 Asian ,5%11,95,0 Total ,5%100,0 Table 2. Foreign resident population in the Canary Islands by nationality, 1998 and 2009 Source: INE. Padrón Municipal. Own calculations. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 13 Figure 4. Immigrants arriving in the Canaries through illegal entry points between 1994 and 2010 Source: Government Office in the Canaries 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 14 Figure 5. Internal net migration in the 7 islands of the Canaries, 2006 and 2008 Source: ISTAC. Own calculations. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 15 Figure 6. Local Labor Markets in the Canary Islands Source: Own estimates based on 2001 census data about daily mobility between residence and work. 

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA DIRK GODENAU MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 16 An institutionalist approach to mobility Social institutions in demographic theory (Bruijn 1999) Towards the integral analysis of agency and structure (micro-meso- macro) Social institutions in mobility analysis Links between daily mobility, internal migration and external migration Implications for mobility analysis in islands 