IPC 9.B Relate the concentration of ions in a solution to physical and chemical properties such as pH, electrolytic behavior, and reactivity.

In the example above, the salt (NaCl) separates into ions which become dissolved in the water. The polar nature of water molecules allows them to easily pull ions into solution.

Ions in solution can change the properties of the solution. Electrolyte – with ions Conducts electricity Non-electrolyte – without ions Does not conduct electricity

An ACID is any chemical substance that produces and donates hydrogen ions (H+) into the solution A BASE is any chemical substance that produces and donates a hydroxide ion (OH-) into the solution

Sometimes a Basic substance is said to be alkaline.

pH measures H+ ions in solution High H+ Concentration Low OH- Low H+ Concentration High OH- Equal H+ and OH-

Measuring pH pH can be measured with several different tools: Litmus paper (red or blue) pH paper pH meter Indicators

IPC 9.D Demonstrate how various factors influence solubility including temperature, pressure, and nature of the solute and solvent

Solubility = Dissolvability To increase the amount of a solid, like sugar, that can be dissolved in a liquid Crush the solid into smaller particles Heat the liquid Stir the liquid

All of these can affect the rate at which a solid dissolves in water except — A decreasing air pressure B stirring the water C increasing the temperature of the water D using larger crystals of the solid

What are the 3 ways to increase the rate at which a solid dissolves? A 0.2 g crystal of gypsum dissolves very slowly in 100 mL of water while the water is stirred. Which of these would cause the gypsum to dissolve faster? F Decreasing the water temperature G Stopping the stirring H Lowering the air pressure J Crushing the crystal What are the 3 ways to increase the rate at which a solid dissolves? Heat it! Crush it! Stir it! ANSWER? J

How much solute will dissolve? A solubility curve shows the amount of each solute that will dissolve in 100g H20 at each temperature. Saturated is on the line. Unsaturated is below the line. Supersaturated is above the line.

At which temperature do KBr and KNO3 have the same solubility? A 27°C B 48°C C 65°C D 80°C

Pressure and Solubility of Gasses The higher the pressure above a liquid, the more gas can be dissolved in the liquid.

Try this one! 49 According to the graph, about how much hemoglobin would be saturated at an O2 pressure of 7.3 kPa? A 32% B 67% C 89% D 92%

You can dissolve more gas in a cold liquid than a hot liquid!