Chapter 25 The Limits of Reason

A New Barbarism  The Industrial Revolution  The transatlantic trade

Satire  Jonathan Swift ( )  Gulliver’s Travels  A Modest Proposal  In view of the poverty of Irish farmers, Swift proposed that most of the children there should “at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom” as food to be consumed at the dinner table.

Satire  Voltaire ( )  Candide

Voltaire  The personification of the Enlightenment  Great admirer and popularizer of all things English (Newton, Bacon, Locke)  É crasez l ’ infâme: crush infamy (all forms of repression, fanaticism, and bigotry)  Contacts with Frederick of Prussia and Catherine the Great

Satire  William Hogarth ( )  The Marriage Transaction  Gin Lane

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: The Orgy,

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Marriage,

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: Debtor’s Prison, 1735

William Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress: the Rake at Bedlam,

William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the marriage settlement, bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG113&collectionPublisherSection=work

bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG117&collectionPublisherSection=work William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: The Bagnio, 1743

William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode: the lady’s death, bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG118&collectionPublisherSection=work

Jean-Jacques Rousseau  Politics: The Social Contract (1762)  Education: Emile (1762)  Influence: Montessori ( )  Slogan in French Revolution : “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

Immanuel Kant   The mind is not a passive recipient of information (Locke’s “blank slate”) but, rather, a participant in the knowledge process.  Focused on the question of cognition: Reality = the mind + its perception / understanding (Fiero 643)

Immanuel Kant  The “Categorical Imperative”: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."  What we must do in any situation of moral choice is act according to a maxim that we would will everyone to act according to.  (Fiero 643) &

The French Revolution

Causes

1. Financial Disorder  Unjust tax system  Bankruptcy of the Government:  war expenses  extravagant life styles

2. Class Conflict Three Estates (the Old Regime) First: clergy (1%) (owned 10% of the land) largest landowner, tax exemption Second: nobility (2%) (owned 25 % of the land) best positions in government and army, tax exemption Third: everyone else (97%) heavy taxation, feudal dues

3. The Enlightenment  Voltaire  Locke  Montesquieu  Rousseau

4. American Revolution  1776 The Declaration of Independence

 Two Stages: The Moderate Stage: The Radical Stage:

The Moderate Stage:

The Moderate Stage  1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates General.  1789 Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.  1789 Oath of the Tennis Court Beginning of the French Revolution

Reforms  All forms of privilege were abolished.  The Catholic Church of France became a national institution.  Guilds and trade unions were abolished.  Decentralization: France was divided into 83 equal departments.

 The Radical Stage The Second French Revolution,

The Guillotine

Legacy  “The Revolution eroded the strength of those traditional institutions—church, guild, parish—that had for centuries given people a common bond. In their place now stood patriotic organizations and a culture that insisted on loyalty to one national cause” (Norton 706).

After the Revolution  : The Directory  : Napoleon

The Directory  A board of 5 men  Ineffective reaction

Napoleon Bonaparte  : Consolidating Authority  1799 First Consul  1801 Concordat with the pope  1802 Consul for life  1804 Crowned himself emperor

Napoleon Bonaparte  : Napoleon’s downfall  1806 The Continental System  1808 Invaded Spain  1812 Invaded Russia  1814 Abdication  1815 Exile

System of Administration  Centralization  Careers open to talent  Equality before the law  Abolition of ancient customs and privileges

Impact of French Revolution  Liberty: more freedom  Equality: no legal distinctions of rank  Nation: a nation of citizens, a nation ruled by law

The End