Chemical bonding Combining of elements to form NEW SUBSTANCES 1.

Nucleus Center of the atom. Contains protons and neutrons. 2.

Proton Positive charge Mass of 1 amu. Located in the nucleus. 3.

Neutron No charge Mass of 1 amu. Located in the nucleus. 4.

Electron Negative charge Mass of nearly 0. Located outside of the nucleus. 5.

Energy levels nucleus Electron energy levels

Bonding is a sharing of electrons in order to fill the outer (valence) energy level. 7.

Molecule Compound formed by covalent bonds. 8.

Crystal Compound formed by ionic bonds. 9.

Covalent bond Electrons are shared in order to fill the outer (valence) energy level. Between two nonmetals. 10.

Ionic bond Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Between metals and nonmetals. 11.

Metallic bond A “sea of electrons”. Between metal atoms only. 12.

Balanced Chemical Equation Atoms are conserved (neither lost nor gained) on both sides of the arrow. 13.

Synthesis reaction Two or more substances combine to form one new substance A + B  AB 14.

Decomposition reaction One substance breaks down to form two or more smaller molecules. AB  A + B 15.

Single-replacement reaction AB + C  A + BC 16.

Double-replacement reaction AB + CD  AC + BD 17.

Activation energy Energy required for reactants to form products 18.

Reactant Substances present before a reaction occurs Written on the left side of the arrow 19.

Product Substances present after a reaction occurs Written on the right side of the arrow 20.

Coefficient Number written to the left of a molecule or atom to show how many are present in a balanced equation. 21.

Subscript Number written to the lower right of an atom to show how many are present in a molecule. Cannot be changed to balance an equation. 22.

Valence electrons Outermost energy level that determines an element’s ability to undergo a reaction 23.

How to increase reaction rate: Increase concentration (add more reactant) Increase the surface area (crush it) Increase the temperature Add a catalyst 24.

Catalyst A substance that increases the rate of reaction, but is not actually involved in the reaction Lowers the activation energy required for that reaction 25.

Electrolyte A solution that conducts electric current Inorganic compounds, acids, bases, and salts are electrolytes 26.

Non-electrolyte A solution that does not conduct electric current organic compounds 27.

How to increase rate of solution (solid dissolving into a liquid) Crush (powder) the solid Heat the solution Stir the solution 28.

Saturated solution Contains all the solute it can hold at a specific temperature 29.

Saturated solution Contains all the solute it can hold at a specific temperature 30.

Unsaturated solution A solution that can hold more solid at that temperature Dilute 31.

Supersaturated solution A solution that is forced to hold more solid than it could under normal conditions Usually under high pressure 32.

H+H+ Ion present in acids Dissociated (pops off) from the molecule when dissolved in water. 33.

OH - Ion present in bases Dissociated (pops off) from the molecule when dissolved in water. 34.

Organic cmpds always contain C and H Covalent bonds 35.

pH of acids 7 pH of neutralization = 7 36.

hydrocarbon Molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen 37.

benzene Simplest aromatic (ring shaped) hydrocarbon Symbol is toxic 38.

Functional groups: 39. Alcohol --OH Organic acid –COOH OH Ester COOH Halogen derivative –F, --Cl, -- Br

Properties of acids: 40. Sour taste H + ion Litmus is red Phenolphthalein is colorless

Properties of bases: 41. Bitter taste OH - ion Litmus is blue Phenolphthalein is pink

Endings for hydrocarbons: 42. -ane means all single bonds between carbons -ene means at least one double bond between carbons -yne means at least one triple bond between carbons

Properties of crude oil (petroleum) 43. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE Exists as a liquid beneath Earth’s surface Exists as a solid in some rocks and sand Can be black, brown, green, red, yellow, or colorless Can have high viscosity (flow slowly) or low viscosity (flow freely) Mixture that can be separated based on the boiling point of each component

Property used to separate (refine) petroleum into its parts 44. boiling point

Highest temperature in fractionating tower 45. Higher than boiling point of most fractions

Fraction that does not vaporize in the fractionating tower 46. Asphalt (stays at the bottom)

Process of distillation 47. First vaporization then condensation

Polymer 48. Large chain-like molecule made from smaller monomers.

Monomer 49. Smaller molecule that bonds together to form polymers

Polymerization 50. Process of chemically bonding monomers into polymers Synthesis rxn

Examples of natural polymers 51. Cotton Silk Protein

Examples of synthetic polymers / polymer products 52. Plastic Paint Nylon Polyester Rayon

Alpha particle 53. Helium nucleus given off by an unstable nucleus Two protons and two neutrons (mass = 4) Low penetrating power

Beta particle 54. Electron given off by an unstable nucleus Negative charge (mass nearly 0) More penetrating power than alpha but less than gamma

Gamma ray 55. Energy given off by an unstable nucleus No charge and no mass Very high penetrating power

Result of alpha decay 56. New element (transmutation) with atomic number two lower and mass number 4 lower than original element

Result of beta decay 57. New element (transmutation) with atomic number one higher but same mass as original element

Result of gamma decay 58. Same element with less energy in its nucleus

Fission 59. Atomic nucleus splits into two smaller, equal sized nuclei, releasing large amount of energy

Fusion 60. Two atomic nuclei join together to form one larger nucleus, releasing even more energy than fission

Date of Japan earthquake and tsunami 61 3/11/11

Type of nuclear reactor that does not require electricity for safety features 62. Generation III

Type of nuclear reactor that uses thorium instead of uranium 63. Generation IV

Country that uses nuclear power plants to generate MOST of its electricity 64. FRANCE