Professional Development Civil Air Patrol Professional Development Cover Kenneth G. Bishop Major, CAP

Professional Development Leader Member Exchange Theory Taken from: Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice (3rd edition) Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 2004, 343 pages.

Professional Development Do you know where you stand with the Commander of your CAP Unit? Do you usually know how satisfied the Commander is with what you do? 1: Rarely 2: Occasionally 3: Sometimes 4: Fairly Often 5: Very Often

Professional Development How well does the Commander understand your problems and needs as a CAP volunteer member? 1: Not a bit 2: A little 3: A fair amount 4: Quite a bit 5: A great deal

Professional Development How well does the Commander recognize your potential? 1: Not at all 2: A little 3: Moderately 4: Mostly 5: Fully

Professional Development Regardless of how much formal authority he or she has, what are the chances that your Commander would use his or her power to help you solve problems in your CAP work? 1: None 2: A little 3: Moderate 4: Mostly 5: Fully

Professional Development Regardless of how much formal authority he or she has, what are the chances that your Commander would intercede at his or her expense? 1: None 2: A little 3: Moderate 4: Mostly 5: Fully

Professional Development I have enough confidence in the Commander that I would defend and justify his/her decision if he/she were not present to do so? 1: Strongly disagree 2: Disagree 3: Neutral 4: Agree 5: Strongly agree

Professional Development How would you characterize your working relationship with the Commander? 1: Extremely ineffective 2: Worse than average 3: Average 4: Better than average 5: Extremely effective

Professional Development Leader Member Exchange (LMX) Theory first appeared in the academic literature as Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL) Theory in: Dansereau, Graen and Haga; A Vertical Dyad Linkage Approach to Leadership in Formal Organizations; Organizational Behavior and Human Performance; 1975; 13; pages 46-78.

Professional Development Prior to LMX or VDL Theory, academic studies assumed “leadership” was how one person [leader] influenced the actions of another/ others [follower(s)] in a collective way using the same or an “average” style.

Professional Development In VDL Theory, academic studies identified two types of linkages or relationships: In-Group: based upon expanded or negotiated role responsibilities. Out-Group: based upon pre-defined or formal role responsibilities.

Professional Development Negotiations involve exchanges in which subordinates perform activities that go beyond their formal job responsibilities. If yes, then In-Group If no, then Out-Group

Professional Development Research shows that high-quality LMX yields: For the subordinate: Better employee retention Better job performance evaluations Quicker / more frequent promotions Greater organizational commitment For the superior: More attention and support for subordinates

Professional Development Leadership making is a perspective approach to leadership that emphasizes that a leader should develop high-quality exchanges with all of his/her subordinates rather than just a few. It attempts to make every subordinate feel as if he/she is part of the in-group and, in doing so, eliminates the inequities and negative implications of being part of an out-group.

Professional Development Leadership Making phases: Stranger Acquaintance Partner

Professional Development Leadership Making phases: Stranger Roles: Scripted Influences: One Way, from L to S Exchanges: Low Quality Interests: Self Acquaintance Partner

Professional Development Leadership Making phases: Stranger Acquaintance Roles: Tested Influences: Mixed Exchanges: Medium Quality Interests: Self / Other Individuals Partner

Professional Development Leadership Making phases: Stranger Acquaintance Partner Roles: Negotiated Influences: Reciprocal, between L and S Exchanges: High Quality Interests: Group

Professional Development LMX Strengths: Strong Descriptive Theory / Model Importance of Communication Concentrates on Dyad Positive Organizational Outcomes

Professional Development LMX Strengths: Strong Descriptive Theory / Model Importance of Communication characterized by: Mutual Trust Respect Commitment Concentrates on Dyad Positive Organizational Outcomes

Professional Development LMX Strengths: Importance of Communication characterized by: Mutual Trust Holly H. Brower, F. David Schoorman and Hwee Hoon Tan, A Model of Relational Leadership: The Integration of Trust and Leader Member Exchange, Leadership Quarterly, 2000, Volume 11, Number 2, pages 227-250.

Professional Development LMX Strengths: Strong Descriptive Theory / Model Importance of Communication Concentrates on Dyad versus Characteristics of Leader Characteristics of Subordinates Context of Leadership Situation Positive Organizational Outcomes

Professional Development LMX Strengths: Strong Descriptive Theory / Model Importance of Communication Concentrates on Dyad versus Positive Organizational Outcomes Innovation Organizational Citizenship Behavior Empowerment Procedural and Distributive Justice

Professional Development LMX Strengths: Positive Organizational Outcomes Innovation Organizational Citizenship Behavior Yolanda B. Truckenbrodt, The Relationship Between Leader-Member Exchange and Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Acquisition Review Quarterly, Summer 2000, pages 233-244.

Professional Development LMX Weaknesses: Unfair; discriminatory to out-group Not fully developed theory Measurement problems Negative organizational outcomes

Professional Development LMX Weaknesses: Unfair; discriminatory to out-group Not fully developed theory Measurement problems Scales lack content validity Unidimensional versus multidimensional Negative Organizational Outcomes

Professional Development LMX Weaknesses: Measurement problems Scales lack content validity Unidimensional versus multidimensional Robert C. Liden and John M. Maslyn, Multidimensionality of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development, Journal of Management, 1998, Volume 24, Number 1, pages 43-72.

Professional Development LMX 7 Designed to measure: Respect Trust Obligation

Professional Development LMX 7 Scored as follows: Very High: 30-35 High: 25-29 Moderate: 20-24 Low: 15-19 Very Low: 7-14

Questions may be addressed to: Kenneth G. Bishop 1736 Hammock Boulevard Coconut Creek, Florida 33063 (954) 972-5961 kgbishop@alumni.rutgers.edu