Homeostasis I. Introduction A. Definition B. Purpose

Regulators versus Conformers = Problems and/or advantages exist for each strategy? How to get rid of nitrogenous waste? Figure 44.8

II. Thermoregulation A. Q 10 Effect B. Heat Loss or Gain

Causes of heat loss or gain  convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction Figure Figure 40.11

C. Strategies

Surface area Moisture Generally Endotherms or Ectotherms Homeotherm, Heterotherm or Poikilotherm, Figure 40.7

D. Adjustments

Surface area Moisture Vasodilatation / vasoconstriction, countercurrent exchanges, Figure 40.12

Surface area Moisture evaporative losses, Figure 40.14

Surface area Moisture behavioral responses, and metabolic shifting Figure 40.13

E. Regulation

Surface area Moisture Negative feedback loop monitored by the hypothalamus Figure 40.16

F. Extreme Adjustments

Surface area Moisture Daily torpor, Estivation,

Surface area Moisture and Hibernation

III. H 2 O Regulation A. Osmolarity B. Regulation

Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses 1. Aquatic Strategies a. Stenohaline b. Euryhaline c. Marine Fishes d. Freshwater Fishes

Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses

Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses Figure 44.3a

Surface area Moisture Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses Figure 44.3b

Surface area Moisture Anadromous versus Catadromous

Surface area Moisture 2. Terrestrial Strategies a. Wax b. Keratinized Cells c. Scales d. Mucous Membranes e. Behavior Figure 44.15

Surface area Moisture Figure f. Anhydrobiosis Figure 44.5

Surface area Moisture Figure g. Specific Glands Figure 44.7

IV. Excretory Strategies A. Processes & Systems

Surface area Moisture Excretion involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion What system(s) are involved in these processes? Digestive Integumentary Respiratory Urinary Figure 44.10

B. Urinary Strategies 1. Protonephridia

Surface area Moisture Protonephridia or Flame Cell == direct method Figure 44.11

2. Metanephridia

Surface area Moisture Metanephridia == ciliated nephrostome filters and excrete thru a nephridiopore Figure This system has both excretory and osmoregulatory function.

Surface area Moisture

3. Malpighian Tubes

Surface area Moisture Malpighian Tubes establish osmotic gradients in the tubes dump into midgut. Reabsorption thru rectum and exits with the feces. Figure 44.13

Surface area Moisture

4. Vertebrate Kidneys a. Structure

Surface area Moisture Vertebrate Kidneys two main components nephrons and tubes Figure Figure 44.14

b. Function

Surface area Moisture The nephron == Bowman’s capsule, PCT, PST, Loop of Henle, DST, and the DCT Figure Figure 44.13d

c. Vascularization

Surface area Moisture The vascularization == renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, and renal vein Figure Figure 44.14

d. Making Urine

Surface area Moisture ReabsorbConcentrate FiltrateEstablish Gradient Adjust Osmolarity Figure Reabsorb Water

Surface area Moisture Osmolar changes as the fluid passes through the nephron Figure 44.16

e. Control

Surface area Moisture Control of urine production == 1. blood pressure, 2. filtrate concentrations, and 3. hormone production Figure 44.19

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