Ancient Trade 5/14/20151 The Agricultural Revolution Surplus,Cities,Trade,Empire

Ancient Trade 5/14/20152 Modern Man  Homo Sapiens Sapiens Appear c ,000bp F In 2 nd half of the last glacial period (70-12,000bp) F At end of ice age climate still sub-arctic w/ frequent rain/drought –Humankind  still cave-dwelling hunter –Cave-art show bows & flint-tipped arrows  Warming period after last ice age bce –Change in vegetation  dryer, increased reliance on grasses that grew in mountain foothills –Extinction of large mammals  mammoths, mastodons –Humankind adapts to changes –Supplements meager diet with wild wheat –Flint sickles, mortar & pestles  “Incipient agriculture”  not yet planting the crop

Ancient Trade 5/14/20153 The Mountains Surrounding Mesopotamia

Ancient Trade 5/14/20154

5/14/20155 “Agricultural Revolution” c. 6,000 bce (8,000 bp)  Cultivation of wheat & barley begins on mountain slops of large, arid, river valleys –Tigris-Euphrates & Indus rivers –Dry-farming (rain and small streams diverted via ditch) –Fired pottery, polished stone tools –Domestication of goats, pigs, cattle –earliest villages –Cultivation  created humankind’s 1 st “SURPLUS”  Surplus  permitted increased population u Increasing population led to…  pressure to move down into flat, arid valley u But, how control the irregular flow of big rivers?

Ancient Trade 5/14/20156 Taming the Rivers u Built Levees & Canals u Large scale irrigation u Two key results of irrigated cultivation 1.Required social organization  government 2.Much larger “Surplus”  leads to… A.Not everyone had to farm  specialized crafts, military B.1 st large towns, (Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Umma, & others) C.These soon became city states c bce D.Urban culture E.Elite governing classes (priests) F.Division of population into “Social Classes”

Ancient Trade 5/14/20157 Other important Developments in Tigris-Euphrates river valley  Need to keep records of surplus  Writing u Wheel u Bronze (copper & tin) u Brick & stone buildings (private & public) u Legal system  Hammarubi Code u City-states unified   First empire created  SUMER SUMER

Ancient Trade 5/14/20158 Sumer

Ancient Trade 5/14/20159 Sumer 3200 – 2360

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Similar Development in Other large River Valleys u Tigris & Euphrates Rivers u Nile River u Indus River (flowing from the Himalayas) u Huang-Ho

Ancient Trade 5/14/ River Valleys not self-sufficient, lacked… u Minerals (copper for bronze), wood,spices u How obtain??? TRADE

Ancient Trade 5/14/201512

5/14/ How do ancients become powerful empires? u Be by a water source u Use irrigation to develop agricultural surplus u Use surplus to: –TRADE –free some people for other things

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Some Ancient Traders 1. Sumerians 2. Babylonians 3. Egyptians 4. Minoans - Greeks 5. Phoenicians 6. Romans 7. Chinese 8. Parthians

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Mesoptamia

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Egyptians

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5/14/ Egyptian Trade

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Egyptians u Exported papyrus, linen, grain u Imported ivory, ebony, leopard skins, ostrich eggs and plumes, gold, cattle and slaves from Nubia (Kush), wood from the Levant

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Minoans

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Mycenaens 1350

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Early Greeks u Minoans control Crete BC u Greeks learned to combine tin and copper to make bronze u Mycenaeans traded bronze, pottery, hides, timber, wine, olive oil for tin, copper, ivory, linen, papyrus, and rope

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Athens u Athenians couldn’t feed themselves so they exported olive oil, wine, and pottery for grain from Russia and timber from Macedonia u Athens was the largest importer of grain in the ancient world u Athenian fleet determined Athenian supremacy - paid for with silver from Athenian mines

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Greeks

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Phoenicians

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Phoenicians=Canaanites =Lebanese u Traded for 1000 years, opening the Mediterranean u Timber = Cedars of Lebanon, supplied Greeks, Egyptians, Israelites (Temple of Solomon) u Large jars filled with wine and olive oil u Skilled laborers u Distribution center for Egyptian goods including papyrus, linen and ivory - Byblos = book, Bible

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Phoenicians

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Phoenicians u Cut off from land to the east, they became masters of the sea - Tyre, Sidon, Beirut u At first, stayed close, trading for copper from Cyprus and wool from Rhodes u Eventually sailed by night and out of sight of land. u Through Gibraltar to Moroccan Coast

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Phoenicians u Established colonies including Carthage u Eventually sailed north - Spain, Ireland, England u Huge demand for metals - gold and silver, copper and tin needed to turn copper into bronze, iron u Phoenicians most famed export were brilliantly dyed textiles - murex - Phoenicia from Greek - purple dye

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Mediterranean and Black Seas

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Silk Road

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Parthians u Controlled the Silk Road u Connected Rome in the West with India and China in the East

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Chinese u Supplied jade, porcelain, silk u Obtained spices and supplied rest of world u Silk road to Rome u Some claim they traded with South America u Pulled back in 15 th century because of expense

Ancient Trade 5/14/ The Silk Road

Ancient Trade 5/14/ Mediterranean and Black Seas