4/8 – Welcome back! Late work? Pass back Systems tests – you do corrections while I update grades If you finish, work in review manual or sketch a personal review plan Go over most missed questions Practice AP signups Homework – –Sample exam from our manual due tomorrow with corrections, be ready to ask questions/discuss –Bring your purchased review manual Wed. for me to check –Chemistry unit in review manual and diffusion/osmosis and enzyme labs – highlighted and practice questions done – due Thursday

4/9 Finish Systems Test Most Missed Questions and turn in TC if done (10 min) Check and Review sample test (25 min) Take Kaplan diagnostic test, correct and analyze (15 min) Pick unit teams for tomorrow (5 min) Homework – –Bring your purchased review manual tomorrow and earbuds/headphones –Chemistry unit in review manual and diffusion/osmosis and enzyme labs – highlighted and practice questions done – due Thursday –Gather all test correction worksheets into one packet and keep with you, and have learning objective packet to cross reference also 6 th period – meet me at Library Lab tomorrow, will be a sign on the door

4/10 Library Lab – gather resources for your unit ( include relevant labs ) –Use Review manual and Big Idea Powerpoints to guide you on topics –Online videos such as bozeman biology –Animations/Tutorials –Lab Bench –Online assignments – most helpful parts –Relevant articles Homework – –Chemistry unit in review manual and diffusion/osmosis and enzyme labs – highlighted and practice questions done – due tomorrow –Gather all test correction worksheets into one packet and keep with you, and have learning objective packet to cross reference also

4/11 Kaplan Diagnostic Test – I check Chem review while you do – then we analyze and collect Finish excretory/circulatory slides Start Chemistry Review with FRQ outline am_information/ htmlhttp://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/exam/ex am_information/ html #1 Homework – Study Controlled Experiment Terms!!! (FRQ tomorrow) Cells and Metabolism Review with Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration Labs due Monday

c. Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants and animals support common ancestry. [See also 1.B.1] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as the comparison of: Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians and mammals Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms)

Excretory System Functions? Organs? Tissue/Functional Unit?

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

Osmoregulation & Excretion Osmoregulation = Excretion =

3 types of nitrogenous waste Ammonia – Urea – Uric acid (Urate) -

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

Most excretory systems produce a filtrate by pressure-filtering body fluids into tubules. –This filtrate is then modified by the transport epithelium which reabsorbs valuable substances, secretes other substances, like toxins and excess ion, and then excretes the contents of the tubule. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

Flatworms have an excretory system called protonephridia, consisting of a branching network of dead-end tubules. –These are capped by a flame bulb with a tuft of cilia that draws water and solutes from the interstitial fluid, through the flame bulb, and into the tubule system. Other animal excretory systems Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

Metanephridium, another tubular excretory system, consists of internal openings that collect body fluids from the coelom through a ciliated funnel, the nephrostome, and release the fluid through the nephridiopore. –Found in most annelids, each segment of a worm has a pair of metanephridia. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

Insects and other terrestrial arthropods have organs called Malpighian tubules that remove nitrogenous wastes and also function in osmoregulation. –These open into the digestive system and dead-end at tips that are immersed in the hemolymph. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig

Match the excretory system with the appropriate animal group Metanephridia Kidneys Malpighian tubules Protonephridia/Flame -bulb system Platyhelminthes (Planaria) Annelida (Earthworms) Insects and terrestrial arthropods Vertebrates

4/12 On your phones – pull up last I sent and click links (5 min) 4 th period – star p.341 in Barron’s – excretory systems Finish Protein Structure FRQ and next slides (20 min) Chem test #14 & Design an experiment (guidelines in Barron’s) (15 min) Chem Topics Q&A – manual and test Homework – Practice Exam here tomorrow 10am to 2pm –Bring lunch and 5 stapled pieces of paper with ID # at top, blue/black pen, #2 pencils, something to do if finish early such as review manual –If this is your second sitting, bring purchased review manual to take practice test in the back of that Go through Chemistry Resources on review webpage Cells and Metabolism Review with Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration Labs due Monday

Chemistry Review Let’s outline an FRQ #1 am/exam_information/ html

Respiratory and Chemistry

A diversity of respiratory pigments have evolved in various animal taxa to support their normal energy metabolism. –One example, hemocyanin, found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many mollusks, has copper as its oxygen-binding component, coloring the blood bluish. –The respiratory pigment of almost all vertebrates is the protein hemoglobin, contained within red blood cells. Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, each with a cofactor called a heme group that has an iron atom at its center. Because iron actually binds to O 2, each hemoglobin molecule can carry four molecules of O 2.

Like all respiratory pigments, hemoglobin must bind oxygen reversibly, loading oxygen at the lungs or gills and unloading it in other parts of the body. –Loading and unloading depends on cooperation among the subunits of the hemoglobin molecule. –The binding of O 2 to one subunit induces the remaining subunits to change their shape slightly such that their affinity for oxygen increases. –When one subunit releases O 2, the other three quickly follow suit as a conformational change lowers their affinity for oxygen.

Cooperative oxygen binding and release is evident in the dissociation curve for hemoglobin. Where the dissociation curve has a steep slope, even a slight change in P O2 causes hemoglobin to load or unload a substantial amount of O 2. This steep part corresponds to the range of partial pressures found in body tissues. Hemoglobin can release an O 2 reserve to tissues with high metabolism. Fig a

As with all proteins, hemoglobin’s conformation is sensitive to a variety of factors. For example, a drop in pH lowers the affinity of hemo- globin for O 2, an effect called the Bohr shift. Because CO 2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, an active tissue will lower the pH of its surroundings and induce hemoglobin to release more oxygen. Fig b

In addition to oxygen transport, hemoglobin also helps transport carbon dioxide and assists in buffering blood pH. –About 7% of the CO 2 released by respiring cells is transported in solution. –Another 23% binds to amino groups of hemoglobin. –About 70% is transported as bicarbonate ions.

Fig

Fig , continued

Tonicity Review Chem Test #14 Now, suppose you are a lab technician setting up 3 separate solutions – one is hypertonic saline, one is isotonic Ringer’s, and one is distilled water. You have mixed up the containers before labeling them and need to figure out which is which. Design an experiment to figure this out using the following materials: blood sample, slides, microscope, your 3 unlabeled solutions, and a bag of known isotonic solution. Use Barron’s to hit all the important points when designing an experiment! (Good Science)

Q and A Topic? Practice questions from manual? Test?

4/15 Lab review using Pearson or draw each part on slide then look at pix and questions Water potential problem from Kaplan and test Dialysis tubing questions Enzyme questions Computer lab – 4 th /5 th Library, 6 th Math –While there – digital resources for cells and metab., look at chem and/or cells tests, review labs, mastering biology redo, ask me questions