Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 19, part 1 Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system. Describe the important components and major functions of the blood List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells. Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicate its functions. Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of structure and function. Describe the structure, function and production of platelets. Describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-1 The Cardiovascular System: An Introduction
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cells The cardiovascular system
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-2 Functions and Composition of Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fluid connective tissue Functions include Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids Restricting fluid loss at injury sites Defending the body against toxins and pathogens Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The composition of blood Plasma and formed elements comprise whole blood Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets Can fractionate whole blood for analytical or clinical purposes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1a Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1b Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1c Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Process of blood cell formation Hemocytoblasts are circulating stem cells that divide to form all types of blood cells Whole blood from anywhere in the body has roughly the same temperature, pH and viscosity Hemopoiesis
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-3 Plasma
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume 92% of plasma is water Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins than interstitial fluid Plasma
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings more than 90% are synthesized in the liver Albumins 60% of plasma proteins Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood Plasma proteins
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Globulins ~35% of plasma proteins Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones and other compounds Fibrinogen Converted to fibrin during clotting Removal of fibrinogen leaves serum Additional Plasma Proteins
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-4 Red Blood Cells
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes account for slightly less than half the blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed elements Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements Commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cells Abundance of RBCs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ration Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex RBCs lack organelles Typically degenerate in about 120 days. Structure of RBCs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2 Figure 19.2 The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules of hemoglobin account for 95% of the proteins in RBCs Hemoglobin is a globular protein, formed from two pairs of polypeptide subunits Each subunit contains a molecule of heme which reversibly binds an oxygen molecule Damaged or dead RBCs are recycled by phagocytes Hemoglobin
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.3 Figure 19.3 The Structure of Hemoglobin
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4 Figure 19.4 “Sickling” in Red Blood Cells
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second. Replaced before they hemolyze Components of hemoglobin individually recycled Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin RBC life span and circulation
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5 Figure 19.5 Red Blood Cell Turnover
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythropoeisis = the formation of new red blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow Process speeds up with in the presence of EPO (Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone) RBCs pass through reticulocyte and erythroblast stages RBC Production
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.6 Figure 19.6 Stages of RBC Maturation