Dispatch 1)Write 10 facts about enzymes 2)We’ve had 6 exit quizzes, how many have you mastered? 3)A student asked Ms. Morris, “Ms. Morris would you get mad if I came in every Tuesday and retook the quizzes.” What do you think Ms. Morris replied Pick up 2 papers and your 2 FRQs and Hardy Lab Report

Think about the 4 structures of a protein. Use your model if necessary

Objectives I can explain how the structure of a protein affects its function I can explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme I can identify and describe characteristics of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Why does a change in an amino acid change the quartnery structure of the protein? Give a real life example. Use at least 5 terms. Underline

Proteins (Sickle-cell Disease) –Results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Hemoglobin structure and sickle- cell disease Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Quaternary structure Function Red blood cell shape Hemoglobin A Molecules do not associate with one another, each carries oxygen. Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen     10  m     Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Quaternary structure Function Red blood cell shape Hemoglobin S Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber, capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced.  subunit Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin... Figure 5.21 Exposed hydrophobic region ValThrHisLeuPro Glul GluValHisLeu Thr Pro Val Glu

Enzyme- Substrate Complex

Proteins (Denaturing) Conditions that affect secondary and tertiary structure: High temperature pH changes High concentrations of polar molecules Denaturation: loss of 3- dimensional structure and thus function of the protein

Proteins (folding) Proteins can sometimes fold incorrectly and bind to the wrong ligands. Chaperonins are proteins that help prevent this. Hollow cylinder Cap Chaperonin (fully assembled) Steps of Chaperonin Action: An unfolded poly- peptide enters the cylinder from one end. The cap attaches, causing the cylinder to change shape in such a way that it creates a hydrophilic environment for the folding of the polypeptide. The cap comes off, and the properly folded protein is released. Correctly folded protein Polypeptide Figure 5.23

In Chapter 5, they mention sickle cell disease. How does this disease affect the primary, secondary, tertiary structures of the protein?

Reflect on scoring guide

I can explain how the structure of a protein affects its function

I can explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme

Make 4 boxes Enzyme StructureDenaturing an Enzyme How Enzymes speed up reactions Enzyme graph and explanation

Enzymes hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/c hapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.h tml

ACTIVITY: Take 2 pieces of different colored clay With 1 piece of clay, make the enzyme and its active site With the other piece of clay, make the substrates When told, we will make products

Denaturing mations/Enzyme%20activity.html

How do enzymes speed up reactions? olutions/biology/enz1asml.gif

Draw and explain this graph

Toothpickase

Entrance Quiz Chapters )What role do ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions? 2)Discuss 2 common characteristics of the mitochondria and chloroplast. 3)Draw a cell membrane and label 2 components 4)Two molecules, CO2 and H2O can cross the lipid bilayer without help from membrane bound proteins, what allows them to do this? 5)Compare passive and active transport

Entrance Quiz Chapters )What role do ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions? RIBOSOMES GET INSTRUCTIONS FROM RNA TO SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS 2) Discuss 2 common characteristics of the mitochondria and chloroplast. BOTH HAVE A DOUBLE MEMBRANE, RIBOSOMES, AND THEIR OWN DNA 3) Draw a cell membrane and label 2 components 4) Two molecules, CO2 and H2O can cross the lipid bilayer without help from membrane bound proteins, what allows them to do this? THEY ARE SMALL MOLECULES + DIFFUSION?PASSIVE TRANSPORT 5) Compare passive and active transport PASSIVE REQUIRES NO ENERGY, GOES FROM HIGH TO LOW ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES ATP ENERGY AND GOES FROM LOW TO HIGH

Ecology, Evolution and Chemistry Test

Questions

CHAPTER 6 A TOUR OF THE CELL

I can identify and describe characteristics of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

 Cytology: science/study of cells  Light microscopy resolving power~ measure of clarity X400  Electron microscopy TEM ~ electron beam to study cell ultrastructure SEM ~ electron beam to study cell surfaces  Cell fractionation ~ cell separation; organelle study  Ultracentrifuge ~ cell fractionation; 130,000rpm

A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts While the cell has many structures that have specific functions, they must work together. STRUCTURE=FUNCTION

AP Biology Prokaryote bacteria cells Types of cells Eukaryote animal cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote plant cells

Cell Types: Prokaryotic  Nucleoid: DNA concentration  No organelles with membranes Flagella—9 + 2 microtubules  Cell wall made of cellulose (polysaccharide)  Ribosomes:protein synthesis  Plasma membrane: (all cells); semi-permeable  Cytoplasm/cytosol(all cells)

Cell types: Eukaryotic  Nucleus: membrane enclosed organelle containing chromosomes  Membrane bound organelles of specialized form and function  Generally larger than prokaryotic cells

Why are cells small???

Cell Size  As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases  Rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size if TOO BIG  Cell size, therefore, remains small

Exit Quiz 1)List 10 facts about enzymes 2) Draw and label a prokaryote cell