Molecular Genetics DNA RNA Protein Phenotype Genome Gene

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Presentation transcript:

Molecular Genetics DNA RNA Protein Phenotype Genome Gene The flow of information: 1. Storage 2. Replication 3. Gene Expression Transcription Translation

Flow of Genetic Information

Flow of Genetic Information

Translation Translation requires: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Cap Translation requires: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomes ATP Enzymes (translation factors) Start of genetic message End Tail

Translation Transfer RNA (tRNA): Molecular interpreter Matches amino acids with codons in mRNA using anticodons Amino acid attachment site Anticodon

Translation tRNA Structure

Translation Ribosomes: Coordinate the functions of mRNA and tRNA Made of two subunits Contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) tRNA binding sites Large subunit Small P site A site

Translation Complex formation: Ribosome mRNA Initiator tRNA Translation factors mRNA Start codon

Translation Codon Recognition: Another tRNA Translation factors Anticodon Codon Recognition: Another tRNA Translation factors Initiator tRNA mRNA Start codon

Translation Peptide Bond Formation:

Translation Translocation: New peptide bond mRNA movement

Translation Elongation:

Peptide bond formation Codon recognition ELONGATION Stop codon Peptide bond formation Figure 10.19 The elongation of a polypeptide. (Step 4) Translocation

Transcription Polypeptide Nucleus RNA processing Termination mRNA DNA mRNA RNA processing Termination mRNA Figure 10.20 A summary of transcription and translation. (Step 6) Enzyme Elongation ATP Initiation of translation Amino acid attachment

tRNA Charging

Mutations A mutation is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can change the amino acids in a protein. Mutations can involve: Large regions of a chromosome Just a single nucleotide pair Normal hemoglobin DNA mRNA Normal hemoglobin Mutant hemoglobin DNA Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Mutations

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