10 Blood: The River of Life Lesson 10.1: The Function and Composition of the Blood Lesson 10.2: Blood Types Lesson 10.3: Blood Disorders and Diseases

The Function and Composition of Blood Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.1 The Function and Composition of Blood

The Function and Composition of Blood the function of blood the formed elements physical properties of blood plasma

Blood Only Fluid Tissue Two components Formed elements Leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (buffy coat) equal less than 1% of blood Erythrocytes (RBC) equal 45% of blood Aka. Hematocrit = measure of RBC present Plasma (fluid portion) = 55% of blood

The Function and Composition of Blood manufacturing blood cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets

Blood Information pH = 7.35 – 7.45 Temperature = 38oC or 100.4oF Slightly higher than body temp. Approx. 8% of body weight Males have 5-6 L while females have 4-5 L although amount depends on size Color Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red Oxygen poor blood is dull or rusty red Blood is heavier & more viscous than water

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Symptoms: Headache, nausea, achy – a lot like the flu Convulsions & unconsciousness as levels increase Even though oxygen level is low – person looks very flushed – NOT cyanotic

Functions of the Blood--Protects

Functions of the Blood -- Transports CO2 and O2 Waste products of metabolism Hormones Enzymes Nutrients Blood Cells Plasma proteins

Functions of the Blood -- Regulates Body Temperature Acid-Base Balance (pH) Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Functions of the Blood -- White Blood Cells Protect against infection Antibodies Detect Foreign Material Clotting Factors Prevent Excessive Bleeding Example: Engulfing TB bacteria

The Formed Elements solid portion of blood red blood cells carry oxygen white blood cells immune response platelets clot

Anucleate Only survive ~120 days Erythrocytes Few organelles Structure: Few organelles Lack mitochondria Don’t do aerobic respiration so don’t use up the oxygen that they are carrying Anucleate Only survive ~120 days

RBC proteins

RBC Proteins Hemoglobin 33% of cell weight Carries oxygen on iron atoms

RBC Proteins Spectrin to maintain membrane integrity and change cell shape so cell can travel without rupturing as it squeezes through capillaries Misc. other proteins help with facilitating gas exchange and other functions

Physical Properties of Blood blood volume 4–5 liters of blood taste salty color bright red from artery dull red from vein

Plasma liquid portion of blood 90% water 8% plasma proteins 2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products

The Composition of Blood

Biconcave shape increases surface area to volume ratio for gas exchange

Numbers of RBCs Outnumber WBC 1000 to 1 Women Men 4.3 – 5.2 million RBC per mm3 of blood (about 1 small drop) Men 5.1 – 5.8 million RBC per mm3 of blood women typically have a lower percentage of RBC which is why they tend to have trouble with Anemia # of blood cells compared to amount of plasma is major factor in blood viscosity If blood is too viscous – heart must work too hard to pump it

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: plasma, platelets, bright red, red blood cell. 1. liquid portion of blood 2. carry oxygen 3. clot 4. arterial blood

Anemia vs. Polycythemia

Functions of RBCs Major function is to carry oxygen Single RBC contains ~250 million hemoglobin molecules each capable of carrying 4 oxygen atoms

Reminder: Protection of hemoglobin Enclosed in RBC to prevent fragmentation which would increase blood viscosity Reminder: If blood is too viscous – heart must work too hard to pump it

Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid) which is found in the ends of long bones and in flat bones Stem Cell is called Megakaryocyte – make blood cells in red bone marrow lymphatic tissue Hemocytoblasts convert to hemocytes Cycle takes 3-5 days

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) shape and size disk-shaped 7–8 micrometers in diameter hemoglobin binds with oxygen

Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis: Red blood cell formation Based on oxygen demands by body Hypoxia: too few RBCs = oxygen deprivation Too many (polycythemia) = blood viscosity increases Average production rate = 2 million/sec Controlled hormonally Based on level of available oxygen triggers erythropoietin production in kidney

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis Production depends on: Fe, vitamin B12, and folic acid Necessary for DNA synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis

Life Cycle of RBCs After 120 days, the RBC is degraded and recycled by Macrophages (cleanup crew) Hemoglobin is broken down to bilirubin Goes to liver to be excreted Liver damage can cause jaundice affecting many body organs Review: Bilirubin excess in brain causes kernicturus

Life Cycle of RBCs

End of Quiz #1 Material

Leukocytes (WBCs) – body defense system 4000 – 11,000 per mm3 Complete cells with nuclei and various organelles

Leukocyte Special Characteristics Diapedesis Reach infection site by slipping into and out of blood vessels Ameboid motion Move through tissue spaces to reach location Chemotaxis Respond to chemicals released by damaged cells in order to locate damaged area

Leukocytes-Granulocytes Contain specialized granules and lobed nuclei

Neutrophils Active phagocytes – attracted to inflammation through chemotaxis Numbers increase during bacterial & fungal infections Produce white/yellow pus and snot & mucus

Basophils Basophils Located in certain tissues – aka. Mast cells Increase in # during allergy attacks Produce heparin & histamine to cause vasodilation and attract other WBCx to area of attack Produce clear watery snot

Eosinophils Located in intestinal & pulmonary mucosa and in dermis Increase in number during Parasitic infestations and produce chemicals to counteract allergic reactions Produce greenish snot

Leukocytes-Agranulocytes

Leukocytes Lack granules Formed in bone marrow and then migrate to lymphatic tissues – rarely circulate in blood unless needed 2 types

Leukocytes-Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes

Leukocytes Lymphocytes: 3 types that play an immune system role (B-cells, T-cell, and Natural Killer cells) T-cells (several types) Attack virus infected & tumor cells B-cells (several types) Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) for long term immunity

Natural Killer Cells

Leukocytes Monocytes Very mobile, aggressive macrophages Increase in number during chronic infections (such as tuberculosis) and act against viruses and bacteria in long term infections Activate lymphocytes to start immune response

Leukopoiesis Activated by specific chemicals in response to infections, toxins, tumor cells, etc. Granulocytes produced and stored in bone marrow as needed Granulocytes have short life span - .5 to 9 days – die fighting invaders Agranulocytes may live days to years depending on type

Plasma Straw colored, sticky fluid matrix 90% water - 10% dissolved proteins, gases, wastes, etc. Plasma proteins produced by liver: know functions: Albumin – water balance Fibrinogen - clotting Alpha & beta globulins - transport Gamma globulins - immunity Homeostatic levels maintained by various organs

Platelets (Thrombocytes) Formed by megakaryocytes (stem cells) Fragments of cells that clump together to form a seal at damaged BV locations Not a complete cell – lack nuclei and organelles so short life span

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) neutrophils first responders eosinophils allergic reactions basophils produce histamine

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) lymphocytes T cells B cells form antibodies monocytes become macrophages

Characteristics of White Blood Cells granulocytes neutrophils perform phagocytosis kill bacteria and fungi eosinophils destroy parasitic worms control allergic responses basophils release histamine active in allergic reactions

Characteristics of White Blood Cells agranulocytes lymphocytes B cells produce antibodies T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses monocytes perform phagocytosis live longer than neutrophils morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

Leukocytes-Agranulocytes

Platelets (Thrombocytes) hemostasis stops bleeding steps of hemostasis vessel wall injury and constriction platelet aggregation platelet plug formation and coagulation blood clot formation and retraction

Clot formation

Steps of Hemostasis Platelet plug formation Normally, platelets and endothelium are both positively charged so they repel each other and the endothelial wall of BV When endothelium ruptured, +platelets contact negative collagen fibers Chemical changes cause platelets to swell and stick together and to the wall Chemicals are released to attract more platelets to seal cuts Platelet plug is formed – effective in sealing small vascular nicks

The Process of Hemostasis

Aspirin Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation and prolonged bleeding may occur In small doses, it inhibits unnecessary clotting thus preventing heart attacks & strokes Aspirin is an anticoagulant

Steps to Hemostasis Vascular Spasms . initiated by serotonin released from anchored platelets and stimulation of local pain receptors cause BV to spasm vasoconstriction narrows BV decreasing blood loss

Steps to Hemostasis Coagulation – blood clotting Critical events that occur: Thromboplastin released by injured tissue interacts with prothrombin activator (PF3) Which converts prothrombin to thrombin Which joins fibrinogen molecules into a fibrin mesh Which traps RBCs and pulls edges closer together

Hemostasis (blood stopping) Hemostasis Medical Animation Library: Blood Clotting

Hemostasis More than 30 substances involved Procoagulant – promotes clotting Anticoagulant – inhibits clotting

Homeostasis When body is in homeostasis – there are several mechanisms that prevent clotting when it should NOT occur and enhance clotting when it SHOULD occur.

Fibrinolysis (clot busting)

Fibrinolysis When normal cell regeneration begins, clot becomes unnecessary Plasmin (clot buster) is released until clot is dissolved totally. release typically begins within 2 days and continues until clot dissolved

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis, hemoglobin, or T cell. 1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte. 2. _______________ produce histamine. 3. _______________ binds with oxygen. 4. _______________ stops bleeding.

Blood Groups RBCs contain antigens (glycoproteins) for cell recognition 30 common varieties - over 100 "family antigens" common antigens - ABO and Rh cause vigorous transfusion reactions others mainly used for ID purposes (paternity, inheritance, etc. - only typed in cases of several transfusions (cumulative effect) ABO blood groups based on presence or absence of A or B antigens on RBCs plasma antibodies act against foreign antigens not present on that individual's RBCs see chart

Antigens & Antibodies

Rh+ 85% of Americans - carry Rh antigen on RBC Rh factor Rh+ 85% of Americans - carry Rh antigen on RBC Rh- don't have antigen on RBC Rh- can go into Rh+ BUT Rh+ cannot go into Rh- less severe transfusion reaction (hemolysis of donor RBCs) - doesn't usually occur until 2nd transfusion due to body's reaction time

In Pregnant Women can cause erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) if Rh- woman carries Rh+ baby 1st baby is usually okay due to reaction time unless there was a bleeding problem during the pregnancy or a previous miscarriage or abortion. 2nd baby will have its blood cells attacked by mother’s antibodies- Rhogam shot can prevent this if injected at 28 weeks of pregnancy and again right after birth.

Transfusions In case of blood loss, body tries to: 1. reduce BV volume to maintain circulation to vital organs 2. step up production of RBCs for replacement 15-30% loss - pallor & weakness over 30% - severe shock may be fatal substantial blood loss - whole blood transfusion Plasma, electrolyte solutions ( Ringer's solution) etc. can be used to increase blood volume while body steps up production of RBCs Whole Blood transfusions can be given but blood must be typed and matched to prevent transfusion reaction

Know the information contained in this chart

Transfusion Reaction Mismatched RBCs antigens attacked by plasma antibodies agglutination of foreign RBCs can: clog small BV - reduce blood flow lysed RBCs release hemoglobin into blood-reduced oxygen capacity - blocks kidney tubules and causes renal shutdown Reactions: fever, chills, vomiting Treatment: alkaline fluids to dilute hemoglobin, diuretics to increase urine flow to flush kidneys

Agglutination

Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.2 Blood Types

Blood Types blood types the Rh classification system complete blood count

Blood Types A, B, AB, and O antigens and antibodies antigen antibody on surface of RBC, identify self and non-self antibody in blood plasma, mark foreign cells

Blood Types

Blood Transfusions agglutination universal recipient universal donor clumping of RBCs universal recipient blood type AB universal donor blood type O

The Rh Classification System Rh-positive individuals have Rh factor antigen on RBCs Rh-negative individuals do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs Rh factor complications erythroblastosis fetalis RhoGAM

Complete Blood Count detects blood disorders or diseases

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Blood type O is the universal donor. 2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs. 3. Antigens are in blood plasma. 4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs. 5. Rh factor is positive or negative.

Blood Disorders and Diseases Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.3 Blood Disorders and Diseases

Blood Disorders and Diseases anemia jaundice hemophilia polycythemia leukemia multiple myeloma

Anemia decrease in number of RBCs insufficient amount of hemoglobin acquired anemia deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease inherited anemia genetic makeup

Acquired Anemias iron-deficient anemia insufficient dietary intake of iron bleeding from intestinal worms pregnancy

Acquired Anemias aplastic anemia damage to stem cells in bone marrow causes toxins radiation therapy or chemotherapy infectious disease heredity

Acquired Anemias pernicious anemia anemias caused by chronic disease intestines can not absorb vitamin B12 anemias caused by chronic disease rheumatoid arthritis kidney disease chronic infections cancer

Inherited Anemias sickle cell anemia Cooley’s anemia RBCs have abnormal shape crises–painful episodes Cooley’s anemia cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin cannot make enough RBCs

Jaundice yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes excess bilirubin from breakdown of RBCs possible liver damage newborns photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

Blood Disorders hemophilia polycythemia inherited blood does not clot overproduction of RBCs causes thick blood

Leukemia cancer of the blood acute lymphocytic leukemia over production of lymphocytes acute myeloid leukemia too many myeloblasts

Leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia high level of lymphocytes chronic myeloid leukemia too many granulocytes

Multiple Myeloma plasma cell cancer in bone marrow may damage bone treatable incurable

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: jaundice, leukemia, anemia, hemophilia. 1. cancer of the blood 2. blood does not clot 3. yellow colored skin 4. decrease in number of RBCs