Landscape as concept and tool to integrate nature and culture values in spatial planning Per Angelstam et al.

“Sustainable Development” and “Sustainability” Different dimensions –Economic –Social –Ecological variables –Cultural variables Act of balance –Performance targets in ecology (constraints) –Multi-level adaptive governance arrangement Top-down for territorial overview Bottom-up to secure participation and collaboration

Nature values

Culture values Silva Saltus Ager Hortus Domus

Policies about natural and cultural values at multiple levels LevelPolicy GlobalWSSD – World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) IPCC - International Panel on Climate Change (2007) Millennium Declaration (2000) WHO - World Health Organization (2000) UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1992) Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971) Europe and EUNatura 2000 (1979; 1992) EIA directives 1985; 1997 Lisbon convention (1997) Landscape convention ELC (2000) Strategic environmental impact assessment (1992) EU Water Framework Directive (2000) NationalThe Environmental Code (1998) The Roads Act (1971) The Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives (1997) Public Health Objectives (2003) Heritage Act (1988) Plan and Building Act (1987)

Policy Management in actual landscape Governance (multi-level) Evaluation (variables and targets) Policy implementation process

Communication Indicators + Targets Assessment Complex Simple Actor Narra- tive

Landscapes are social-ecological systems

Landscape and disciplines

Three landscape concepts

Defining indicators Themes –Composition –Structure –Function Spatial scales –Macro –Meso –Micro MicroMesoMacro Composition Structure Function

Defining indicators Themes –Composition –Structure –Function Spatial scales –Macro –Meso –Micro MicroMesoMacro CompositionPlantsBirdsMammals StructureRoad culvertRoad corridorRoad density FunctionMortalityDisturbanceBarrier effect

Assessment

Governance

INCLUDE’s four questions 1.What characterizes a sustainable landscape, and how can it be evaluated? 2.What are the critical impacts of infrastructure and traffic on environmental qualities, and are there critical limits in this impact? 3.How can this impact be assessed and communicated to users? 4.What are the remedies, and how can the planning process be improved

Land use Biotic Abiotic Governance Culture Attitude Framework: landscapes as social-ecological systems

Thresholds and restoration

Communicative learning

Spatial scale Informal planning process Formal planning process StrategicTacticalOpera- tional National Regional Local Governance arrangement Lobbying Education Social learning Think-tank Spatial planning GIS models EIA SEA

Conclusions