© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Portuguese settlement of Brazil The sugar plantation economies of Brazil & the Caribbean The Atlantic slave trade Post-sugar boom colonial Brazilian economies

© T. M. Whitmore Last Time-Questions? Early Spanish colonial institutions Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns

© T. M. Whitmore Portuguese Brazilian Settlement Initial Settlement Patterns  State-sized settlements to private entrepreneurs  to extract dye wood “palo brazil”  This initial “capitalistic-like” set up failed by 1540 and all lands re- transferred to the crown

© T. M. Whitmore Initial Settlement Tordesillas Treaty Line 1494

© T. M. Whitmore Plantation Sugar in Brazil Turkish closure of Middle Eastern sugar & decrease in honey production in Europe => huge profits to be had Plantation sugar system in Brazil ~ 1540s – 1700s (dominates world’s sugar for ~ 200 yrs)  Advanced agro-technology  Excellent agro-ecology  Good access to European markets  Initially Amerindian labor – later African slaves

© T. M. Whitmore Brazilian Fazendas laborers 30 km 2 (2-3 miles on a side) Cane fields pasture for oxen plots for slave subsistence woodlands for fuel mill complex

© T. M. Whitmore Impacts of Brazilian fazenda settlement Coastal few links inland Cities of less import initially Collapse of local Indigenous pops Huge import of African slaves => helped set racial composition of NE Brazil until today Ecological impact: deforestation, soil exhaustion

© T. M. Whitmore Sugar & Slaves 1500s – 1700s

© T. M. Whitmore Caribbean Caribbean adoption of Brazilian plantation system Northern European Colonies recreated Brazilian system after 1640 Similar agro-ecological advantages Better slave security Easier transport to Europe Became the most valuable colonies for each state! Impacts  Soil depletion  Vast increase in Afro-origin population

© T. M. Whitmore Characteristics of plantation ag Old world plants and techniques Requires huge land holdings – discourages small holders Cheap labor needed Absentee owners or few local owners Uses best land Settlement is at plantation not cities Cultural/spatial/class dualism Economy is wholly export and dependent on world market “mining” of resources (soils and timber) => impoverished local areas

© T. M. Whitmore African slavery in Brazil and Caribbean Characteristics Chronology Geography  Brazil Brazil  Spanish America  Caribbean Caribbean Totals African origins Decline of slavery after 1800 Consequences of plantation/slave agriculture Consequences of plantation/slave agriculture

© T. M. Whitmore Sugar & Slaves 1500s – 1700s ~ 4.3 million Africans transported as slaves To Brazil

© T. M. Whitmore Sugar & Slaves in the Caribbean ~ 1.8 m slaves to Spanish colonies ~ 1.7 m slaves to French colonies ~ 2.9 m slaves to English colonies

© T. M. Whitmore SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS BRAZIL~ 4.3 million SPANISH AMERICA 50% to Cuba (900 k) 20% to Mexico (360 k) 10% to Venezuela (180 k) 20% Columbia, Panama, Ecuador ~ 1.8 million FRENCH AMERICA Mostly to Martinique & Haiti ~ 1.7 million ENGLISH AMERICA 40% to Jamaica (1.2 m) 22% to North America (640 k) 20% to Barbados (580 k) 13% other Caribbean (377 k) ~ 2.9 million Totals are approximate and probably are underestimates. (nearly 5 m to small Caribbean islands) ~ 10.7 million

© T. M. Whitmore SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS  ~ 1% of all slaves transported  ~ 40% of slaves in this period to Brazil; 60% to the Spanish colonies  early period slave transport ~ 125k  ~ 14% of all slaves transported  totals transported about 1.3m  ~ 40% to Brazil, 20% to Spanish colonies, 38% to N European Caribbean

© T. M. Whitmore SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS II 1700 – 1810 (peak of slave trade)  ~ 64% of all slaves transported  totals ~ 6 million  North America ~ 6%, British Caribbean ~ 23%, Spanish America ~ 9%, French Caribbean ~ 22%, Brazil ~ 31%, Dutch and Danish Caribbean the rest 1810 – 1870  ~ 20% of all slaves transported  totals ~ 1.9m  Brazil 60%, French Caribbean ~ 5%, Spanish America ~ 32%

© T. M. Whitmore Consequences of the sugar/slave system Altered racial makeup Influenced settlement patterns in Brazil and Caribbean Influenced labor and social relationships Influenced land tenure systems: latifundia vs “mini-fundia” Degraded environment and lost resources

© T. M. Whitmore Non-sugar Economy of Colonial Brazil Tobacco & Cattle Non-sugar south—Sâo Paulo and slave raidingslave raiding Gold Rush at Minas Gerais in late 1600s/early 1700s Gold Rush at Minas Gerais

© T. M. Whitmore Sugar & Slaves 1500s – 1700s Minas Gerais Later Settlement Cattle & Tobacco Paulista or Bandeirante Indian Slave raids Rio de Janeiro Sâo Paulo Colonial Brazilian Economies

© T. M. Whitmore Overview of Brazil 1500 — 1800 Little lasting development: 2 boom/bust cycles; sugar and gold Much environmental destruction Set pattern of social values: beef; latifundia Mixed races with large African component (Black in N; Brown in Center; White in S) Pop mostly still coastal – 40% in NE; 30% in Minas