HIGH SPEED OHE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS ISSUES CHALLENGES OPTIONS Presented by – J. N. LAL SENIOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (TRACTION INSTALLATION) RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION RAILWAY SYSTEM ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT FOR MASS MOVEMENT TRANSPORT TYPE ENERGY CONSUMPTION (MEGAJOULE/TKM) ROAD TRANSPORT 1.2 – 8.0 RAIL 0.6 VEHICLE TYPE PERMITTED AXLE LOAD (TONNES/AXLE) ROAD 8.0 RAIL 25 - 30 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF RAILWAY SYSTEM PASSENGER TRAINS EMITS 10 TIMES LESS GREEN HOUSE GASES THAN ROAD PASSENGER VEHICLE FREIGHT RAIL VEHICLE EMITS 27 TIMES LESS GREEN HOUSE GASES THAN ROAD VEHICLE CONTINUED . . . RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION HIGH SPEED ROAD VEHICLE CAN OFFER 110 – 120 KMPH SPEED HIGH SPEED TRAINS OFFER MUCH FASTER SERVICE THAN ROAD VEHICLE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION ELECTRIC TRACTION IN INDIA ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEM VOLTAGE SECTION INTRODUCED DURING 550 VOLTS DC CALCUTTA TRAMWAYS 1905 1500 VOLTS DC VICTORIA TERMINUS – KURLA HARBOUR LINE 03.02.1925 3000 VOLTS DC HOWRAH – SHEORAPHULI 14.12.1957 25 KV AC KENDPOSI – RAJKHARSAWAN 15.12.1959 2 X 25 KV AT BINA – KATNI 16.01.1995 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR SYSTEM AS COMMISSIONED DURING EARLY ELECTRIFICATION ON 15.12.1959 CATENARY WIRE: 65 sq. mm (MESSENGER WIRE) CONTACT WIRE: 107 sq. mm (CONTACT LINE) Thank you for your attention & I would be pleased to answer any questions, that you may have. I can also be reached, at the contacts, detailed above. Thank You !! RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION 7

PRESENT STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION (UPTO 31.03.2012) PRESENT SCENARIO PRESENT STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION (UPTO 31.03.2012) TOTAL ROUTE KILOMETRE : 67346 TOTAL ELECTRIFIED ROUTE KILOMETRE 22,224 (33%) TRAFFIC CARRIED BY ELECTRIC TRACTION (2011-12) FREIGHT TRAFFIC : 64.3% PASSENGER SERVICES 51% ELECTRIC ENERGY BILL PAID 38% RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

DEVELOPMENT OF FREIGHT WAGONS PERIOD TYPE OF WAGONS AXLE LOAD (TONNES) SPEED (KMPH) 1950 4 WHEELER 16.25 65 1960 8 WHEELER (VACCUM BREAK) 20.32 75 1980 8 WHEELER BOXN, BCNA (AIR BREAK) 80/100 1996 1997 CONTAINER WAGON (BLCA/BLCB) --- 100 2006 8 WHEELER (BCNHL) 22.9 8 WHEELER (BOXNHL) FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 8 WHEELER BOXNHL 25 110 IN FUTURE 32.5 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

EVOLUTION OF PAY LOAD FOR BOXN TAKING OFF PERIOD (FROM) PERMISSIBLE CARRYING CAPACITY (TONNES) NUMBER OF WAGONS IN A RAKE STANDARD RAKE LOAD (PAY LOAD) (TONNES) 1975 CC 30 BOX  --- TRAIN LOAD INTRODUCED ON 01.01.1982 01.01.1982 - 1500 01.05.1993 3000 15.01.1997 CC+2 (60.8) 58 BOX N 3526 07.11.2004 CC+4 (62.8) 3642 10.05.2005 CC+8 (66.8) 3874 01.07.2007 67 3886 2009 59 BOX N 3953 01.08.2011 68 4012 INSTRUCTION FOR STANDARD RAKE LOAD (PAY LOAD) ISSUED BY RAILWAY BOARD RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

PERFORMANCE: FREIGHT TRAFFIC RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

SPEED POTENTIAL OF PASSENGER COACHES/TRAINS PERIOD MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SPEED (KMPH) COACH 1955 96 IRS COACH 1965 105 ICF-ALL COIL 1971 130 RAJDHANI INTRODUCED 1988 140 SHATABDI INTRODUCED 2001 160 LHB COACH RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

PERFORMANCE: PASSENGER TRAFFIC RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

DEVELOPMENT OF TRACK TECHNOLOGY Axle Load Railway (DFC) 4800 rkm (7.6% of Total rkm) 26000 rkm (41% of Total rkm) RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

ADOPTION OF HIGHER RAIL SECTIONS PERIOD RAIL SECTION EARLIER 74 UTS 50R, 60R, 75R, 890R 1961-62 IRS 52 Kg RAIL SECTIONS DEVELOPED 1975-76 UIC 60 Kg RAIL SECTION WAS ADOPTED 2009 68 Kg RAIL SECTION 2001 160 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

ADOPTING LONGER LENGTH PERIOD RAIL SECTION EARLIER 13 METRES RAIL 2004-05 65 m/78 m LONG RAIL COMMENCED 2005-06 SUPPLY OF 130 m/ 260 m LONG RAIL COMMENCED 2009 68 Kg RAIL SECTION RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

INTRODUCTION OF HIGHER HORSE POWER ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES PERIOD SPEED POTENTIAL (KMPH) HORSE POWER ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE TYPE 1960 80 2870 WAM1 1967 3150 1970 120 3400 WAM4 1983 130 105 3850 WAP1, WAG5 1991 140 100 5000 WAP4, WAG7 1993 6120 WAG9, WAP7 DFCCIL 9000 FUTURE 12000 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC LOCOS Horse power on rail determines mass and speed of the trailing loads that can be hauled. Horsepower of electric locomotives has increased considerably. RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR SYSTEM AS ON 01.02.2012 (EVEN AFTER 53 YEARS OF COMMISSIONING) CATENARY WIRE: 65 sq. mm (MESSENGER WIRE) CONTACT WIRE: 107 sq. mm (CONTACT LINE) Thank you for your attention & I would be pleased to answer any questions, that you may have. I can also be reached, at the contacts, detailed above. Thank You !! RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION 19

EVOLUTION OF TRACTION POWER DENSITY SECTION POWER DENSITY DURING INITIAL COMMISSIONING  (MVA/RKM) PRESENT POWER DENSITY (MVA/RKM) HOWRAH-NEW DELHI 0.18 0.53/0.57* NEW DELHI- IGATPURI- MUMBAI CST 0.24 0.48/0.56* NEW DELHI- KOTA-MUMBAI CENTRAL 0.19  0.46/0.49* HOWRAH-VISHAKHAPATNAM-CHENNAI 0.32 0.46/0.63* MUMBAI CST- PUNE-CHENNAI SECTION UNDER ELECTRIFICATION. HOWRAH-NAGPUR-MUMBAI CST 0.28 0.51/0.66* NEW DELHI-NAGPUR-CHENNAI 0.29 0.46/0.56* * TRACTION POWER DENSITY OF THE SECTION WHILE TRACTION TRANSFORMERS ARE WORKING WITH OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED COOLING CONDITION. RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

SUMMARY OF POPULATION OF TRACTION SUB-STATION SECTION Route (Km) Traction Sub-Station (Nos.) Initially Constructed Existing Augmented Additional Constructed Total Howrah-New Delhi 1447 21 26 18 39 New Delhi- Igatpuri- Mumbai CST 1544 27 22 9 36 Churchgate - Mumbai Central-New Delhi 1393  21 28 Howrah-Vishakhapatnam-Chennai 1662 31 15 4 35 Mumbai CST- Pune-Chennai 1283 Electrification of complete section is in progress Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai CST 1968 40 20 13 53 New Delhi-Nagpur-Chennai 2184 44 32 48 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION SPACING BETWEEN SUBSTATIONS DEPENDING UPON THE TRACTION POWER REQUIREMENT, EITHER EXISTING TRACTION SUB-STATIONS HAS BEEN AUGMENTED (FROM 10 MVA TO 21.6/30.24 MVA AND FURTHER TO 30/40 MVA) OR ADDITIONAL TRACTION SUB-STATION HAS BEEN ADDED SPACING BETWEEN TWO TRACTION SUB-STATION HAS BEEN REDUCED FROM 70 KMS TO 20 KMS (APPROX.) FURTHER REDUCTION OF TRACTION SUB-STATION SPACING WILL HAVE ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE AND THEREBY ON TRAIN OPERATION. RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

HIGH SPEED OHE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS ―ISSUES RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION HIGH SPEED OHE OF IR ISSUES ACCOMODATION OF HIGHER SPEED ON EXISTING OVERHEAD INFRASTRUCTURES MEETING POWER QUALITY NORMS WHILE INCREASING TRANSFORMATION CAPACITY OF TRACTION SUB-STATIONS INCREASING FAILURE TOLERANCE OF TRACTION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ACHIEVING HIGHER SYSTEM RELIABILITY REDUCING LAND REQUIREMENT FOR HIGHER TRACTION POWER DELIVERY RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

HIGH SPEED OHE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS ―CHALLENGES RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION HIGH SPEED OHE OF IR CHALLENGES (160 KMPH) FOR ONE/ TWO TRAINS REPLACEMENT OF CONTACT WIRE 107 sq. mm 150 sq. mm (WITH 1200 Kgf TENSION IN CATENARY & CONTACT WIRE) CHANGE OF DROPPER SCHEDULE (WITH 50 mm PRE SAG) MULTI ZONE PROTECTION SYSTEM   FOR REGULAR SERVICES ADOPTION OF 2X25 kV AT SYSTEM RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION HIGH SPEED OHE OF IR CHALLENGES (200 KMPH) ADOPTION OF 2X25 kV AT SYSTEM ADOPTION OF LIGHT BRACKET ASSEMBLIES ADJUST THE CONTACT WIRE GRADIENT (FROM 3 mm TO 2 mm/meter – ABSOLUTE) (FROM 1.5 mm TO 1 mm/meter – RELATIVE) MAINTAIN MINIMUM DROPPER LENGTH (500 mm)  VALIDATION OF OHE BY EN-50317, EN-50318 & EN-50367 RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

HIGH SPEED OHE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS ―OPTIONS RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

OPTIONS – CORPORATE IMPERATIVE HIGH SPEED OHE OF IR OPTIONS – CORPORATE IMPERATIVE TO INCREASE THROUGHPUT TO MEET THE PUBLIC NEED TO COPE UP WITH INCREASED GDP OF THE COUNTRY TO BOOST UP THE ECONOMY OF THE COUNTRY FOR SURVIVAL OF IR IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR CONTINUE . . . RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

OPTIONS – CORPORATE IMPERATIVE HIGH SPEED OHE OF IR OPTIONS – CORPORATE IMPERATIVE ACTION POINTS MAIL EXPRESS AT 160 KMPH 200 KMPH PASSENGER SERVICES AT 100 KMPH (MEMU – 18 COACH RAKE) GOODS SERVICES AT 100 KMPHS (WITH HIGHER AXLE LOAD–25 TONNES/32.5 TONNES) INCREASE OF PAYLOAD TO TARE RATIO INTRODUCTION OF LIGHT WEIGHT COACHES RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION

RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION THE ETERNAL QUESTION “YAKSHA PRASHNA” (THE ETERNAL QUESTION): “WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE SURPRISE?” YUDHISHTIR ANSWERED: “THE MOST IMPORTANT AND VALUABLE FACTORS ARE MOST HIDDEN AND FORGOTTEN” WHAT WE SEE? WE SEE AND APPRECIATE THE MODERN RAILWAYS BUT NOT THE TECHNOLOGICAL EXCELLENCE. WE SEE SUCCESS STORY OF ELECTRIC TRACTION ON IR BUT NOT THE NEED TO CONTINUALLY UPGRADE THE TRACTION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. Thank you for your attention & I would be pleased to answer any questions, that you may have. I can also be reached, at the contacts, detailed above. Thank You !! RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION 31