Cultural Loss Abandonment of an existing practice or trait ► Example: – In ancient times wagons were used in northern Africa and southwestern Asia, but wheeled vehicles disappeared from Morocco to Afghanistan about 1,500 years ago.

Cultural Loss Abandonment of an existing practice or trait ► Example: – They were replaced by camels due to their endurance, longevity, ability to ford rivers and traverse rough ground. – While a wagon required a man for every two animals, one person manage six camels.

Repressive Change People don’t always have the liberty to make their own choices and changes are forced upon them by some other group, in the course of conquest and colonialism. ► Acculturation – Culture changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive, firsthand contact between societies. ► Ethnocide – Violent eradication of an ethnic group’s cultural identity; occurs when a dominant society sets out to destroy another society’s cultural heritage. ► Genocide – Extermination of one people by another, in the name of “progress,” either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by people with little regard for their impact on others.

Repressive Change: Genocide Ethnographic Examples ► Two examples of attempted genocide in the 20th century: Hitler’s Germany against Jews and Gypsies in the 1930s and the 1940s; and Hutus against Tutsis in Rwanda, as in this 1994 massacre.

Opposition of Change Tradition ► In a modernizing society, old cultural practices, which may oppose new forces of differentiation and integration.

Opposition of Change Revitalization Movements ► A movement that forms in an attempt to deliberately bring about change in a society – Usually occurs when a dominating culture overwhelms (politically, socially, economically) a subordinate one. – Introduction of items/technologies to the subordinate culture might mean the destruction of the culture and assimilation into the dominating culture. – If people from the subordinating culture survive, they are more often than not living on the fringes of the dominating society and are demoralized (their worldview, culture, mythology has either been destroyed or changed so radically as to be unrecognizable).

Opposition of Change Revitalization Movements Revitalization movements then occur ► Ex: Celtic revival in Ireland

Opposition of Change Rebellion and Revolution ► Rebellion – Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power. ► Revolution – Sudden and radical change in a society or culture. In the political arena, it refers to the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one. – A revolution is a more severe and total change than a rebellion.

Rebellion and Revolution Conditions 1.Loss of prestige of established authority. 2.Threat to recent economic improvement. 3.Indecisiveness of government. 4.Loss of support of the intellectual class. 4.A leader or group of leaders with enough charisma or popular appeal to mobilize the population against the establishment.

Rebellion and Revolution Armed Conflict