A Neural Global Workspace Model for Conscious Attention James Newman, Bernard J. Baars and Sung-Bae Cho Soft Computing Laboratory 김 희 택 Neural Networks,

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Presentation transcript:

A Neural Global Workspace Model for Conscious Attention James Newman, Bernard J. Baars and Sung-Bae Cho Soft Computing Laboratory 김 희 택 Neural Networks, 1997

Artificial Consciousness Neuroscience –‘ 의식이란 두뇌의 여러 부분들의 상호작용을 통해 생성되는 상승효과 ’ –Neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC) Monism and Dualism –Monism 인간은 두뇌에서 직접 사물을 지각하고 정보를 처리 –Dualism 인간이 지각하는 것은 일종의 정신 두뇌는 정보처리에 얻은 데이터 보관장소 Attention – 어떤 것을 선택하여 집중하고 다른 것들을 무시하는 인지과정 –Unconscious attention 과 conscious attention 1

Global Workspace (GW) Simple cognitive architecture in which many parallel experts interact via a serial –Brain viewed as a massive parallel distributed system of highly specialized processors (Brain web) –Control may take place by way of a central information exchange –Consciousness is the primary agent of such a global access function in humans A theater metaphor –Spotlight : Consciousness –The rest of the theater : unconscious –Control the bright spot : selective attention This paper present a neurocognitive model based on GW 2

Modeling Global Competitive Attention Consciousness –Dynamic process, not a static structure –Not localized to some ‘brain center’ but arises at widely distributed networks of neurons –Consciousness is achieved by allocating resource to specific brain portion Involves a higher order of resource allocation The allocation of resources in case of non-conscious attention –Visual cortex process Contour, movement, color, spatial location But human’s awareness is of a single, coherent object –’binding problem’ of how these multifarious representations are integrated into real-time ‘objects’ of perception 3

Neural Mechanism for Global Attention Parallel loops of thalamo–cortical–thalamic axons, passing through a thin sheet of neurons known as the nucleus reticularis thalami (nRt) The neurons of nRt are largely GABA-ergic, inhibitory neurons There is an orderly topography to this array of axon collaterals and underlying thalamic nuclei –It essentially mirrors, in miniature, the modular architecture of the cortex 4 Nucleus reticularis thalami ( 시상망상핵 ) 이는 간뇌피개와 중뇌피개의 망상체핵의 계속이며, 시상수 판 내에 있는 수판내핵 (Nuclei intralaminares) 도 이와 같은 성질의 것이다. 흔히 내측핵에 속하던 Nucleus median, 또는 Nucleus centrum medianum 은 P.N.A 에서는 중심내측핵 (Nucleus medialis centralis) 이라 하나, 그 기능은 망상핵군 과 같이 취급된다. Nucleus reticularis thalami ( 시상망상핵 ) 이는 간뇌피개와 중뇌피개의 망상체핵의 계속이며, 시상수 판 내에 있는 수판내핵 (Nuclei intralaminares) 도 이와 같은 성질의 것이다. 흔히 내측핵에 속하던 Nucleus median, 또는 Nucleus centrum medianum 은 P.N.A 에서는 중심내측핵 (Nucleus medialis centralis) 이라 하나, 그 기능은 망상핵군 과 같이 취급된다.

Main model of the nRt Modeling a competitive network for global attention based upon a highly simplified version of the ‘thalamus–nRt–cortex complex’ Takes into account the effects of dendro–dendritic interactions throughout nRt –Provided the basis for a simple version of the global gating model 5 Thalamus ( 시상 ) 뇌의 제 3 뇌실 측벽의 대부분을 이루는 1 쌍의 커다란 알 모양 의 기관. 뇌의 5 개 부분 중 하나인 간뇌 ( 間腦 ) 의 주요구조이 다. 시상은 뇌간 ( 腦幹 ) 과 전뇌 사이에 위치하고, 고삐 (habenula) 와 송과선을 포함하는 시상상부 (epitha-lamus), 자율신경과 연결된 시상하부 (hypothalamus) 와 연결되어 있 다. 시상에는 2 가지 중요한 기능이 있다. 시상은 각종 수용기로부터 신경충격을 대뇌피질로 전달하는데, 그곳에서 신경충격은 깨어 있는 동안 촉각 · 통증 · 온도 등의 적절한 감각 으로 경험된다. 또한 시상은 휴지상태중에는 시냅스 전달, 즉 들어오는 충격을 조절하는데, 이러한 조절은 긴 휴지기 이후 에 오는 폭발적인 신경충격을 분산시킴으로써 이루진다. Thalamus ( 시상 ) 뇌의 제 3 뇌실 측벽의 대부분을 이루는 1 쌍의 커다란 알 모양 의 기관. 뇌의 5 개 부분 중 하나인 간뇌 ( 間腦 ) 의 주요구조이 다. 시상은 뇌간 ( 腦幹 ) 과 전뇌 사이에 위치하고, 고삐 (habenula) 와 송과선을 포함하는 시상상부 (epitha-lamus), 자율신경과 연결된 시상하부 (hypothalamus) 와 연결되어 있 다. 시상에는 2 가지 중요한 기능이 있다. 시상은 각종 수용기로부터 신경충격을 대뇌피질로 전달하는데, 그곳에서 신경충격은 깨어 있는 동안 촉각 · 통증 · 온도 등의 적절한 감각 으로 경험된다. 또한 시상은 휴지상태중에는 시냅스 전달, 즉 들어오는 충격을 조절하는데, 이러한 조절은 긴 휴지기 이후 에 오는 폭발적인 신경충격을 분산시킴으로써 이루진다.

Simulation Result of nRt model The overall pattern of activation is exclusively dependent upon the wave pattern of the NRT units –nRt is the source of global oscillatory activity The synchronous activation of specific and non-specific loops is postulated to provide a basis for ‘perceptual unity’ by which different sensory components are gathered into one global image 6

A Neural Model for Global Resource Allocation Wagon wheel model –Contributing to global attention an conscious perception Two key aspects of this ‘conscious system’ –Polymodal, integrating sensory inputs, but motor and ‘higher-order’ cortical effects –Extended, with input/output relations reaching from the brain stem core to association cortices 7 nRt Thalamus Cerebrum cortex Sensory System

Global Resource Allocation Method Global attention is acting upon a highly selective stream of information Executive system is that it acts upon other sub-systems, modifying their inputs for its particular purposes Present a simple, but highly relevant, connectionist model that simulates a GW system employing a gating network to selectively filter and integrate inputs as a function of central knowledge stores 8

Programmable Blackboard Model for Reading 9 Programmable letter Programmable word Central letter Central word

Combine the Result of the Individual Network The expert networks compete each other –The expert networks may be trained separately The gating network mediate this competition While a single expert execute the task, an automatic (‘non- conscious’) processing are operated in instances 10

Conclusion & Discussion Introduced neuroscience and NN models for attention, binding, and resource allocation Share important features and parallels with a Neural Global Workspace System for conscious attention 기계가 표면적으로는 사람과 같은 의식을 가진 행동을 보이더라도, 그 것으로 정말로 ‘ 기계가 정신을 가졌다 ’ 라고 말할 수 있는가 ? 대뇌의 물리적 구조를 모델링 하는 접근방식으로 의식을 가진 기계를 만들 수 있을까 ? Conscious Attention 을 실제 어떤 분야에 응용할 수 있을까 ? 11

E.N.D