©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Living Psychology by Karen Huffman with Gary Piggrem PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 15: Living Psychology in a Global Economy Judith Phillips, Palomar College

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Lecture Overview  Communication  Leadership  Persuasion  Conflict  Living Psychology- Improving Communication and Coping With Conflict

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Communication : Module 15.1  Communication: interdependent process of sending, receiving and understanding messages;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology The Communication process  7 important elements exist in all forms of communication: 1. The sender (who initiates the message) and the receiver (for whom the message is targeted); 2. The message, 3. Encoding- what the sender does; 4. Decoding- what the receiver does; 5. Channels- the means by which the message is communicated;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Channels of information flow in 3 different directions: 6. Noise- stimuli that interfere, 7. Context- the environmental conditions surrounding the communication.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Non Verbal Communication:  the process of sending and receiving messages through means other than words; Includes: – Kinesics (gestures and body language); – Proxemics (physical and personal space); – Paralanguage (how words are spoken);

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Male/Female differences in communication

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Leadership : Module 15.2  Leadership: using interpersonal influence to inspire or persuade others to support the goals and perform the tasks desired by the leader. 3 major leadership styles: trait, situational, functional;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology 1. Trait perspective- leadership results from specific inherited personality traits; These trait include- – Drive, honesty and integrity; – Expertise and leadership motivation; – Flexibility (single most important trait);

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Charismatic leaders possess a compelling vision that transforms followers’ beliefs, values & goals;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology 2. Situational perspective: the environment (both time in history and needs of followers) produces the leader; 3 major styles found: – Autocratic leader- makes all major decisions, assigns task to followers and demands full obedience;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology – Democratic leader- encourages group discussion and group decision making; – Laissez-faire leader- minimally involved with decision making & encourages workers to make their own decisions and manage themselves;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology 3. Functional perspective- emphasizes the behaviors that leaders exhibit which contribute to the group’s functioning; 2 types: – Task-oriented leader- helps a group complete a task or reach a goal; – Relationship-oriented leader- helps maintain group morale, satisfaction and motivation;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Leadership and Bases of Power

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Persuasion: Module 15.3  Persuasion: communication intended to change attitudes; 4 major elements of persuasion- – Who- the source in communication; – What- the communication message; – To Whom- the audience; – How- the channels and methods;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Several important elements of how: repeated exposure classical conditioning foot in the door technique the door in the face- beginning with a very large request followed by a smaller request; low balling- getting someone to commit to an attractive proposal before revealing hidden costs;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology bait & switch: offering an attractive proposal, then making it unavailable or unappealing and offering a more expensive alternative;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Routes to persuasion

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Conflict: Module 15.4  Conflict: having to choose between 2 or more competing goals;  Can be: dysfunctional (destructive) or functional (constructive); intrapersonal or interpersonal; – 2 major types of interpersonal conflict are substantive (deals with goals or means) or emotional (between individuals);

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Sources of conflict

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Living Psychology- Improving Communication and Coping With Conflict: Module 15.5  Improving communication skills by overcoming 6 barriers that block communication: 1. Physical distractions such as music and sounds; 2. Perceptual set- readiness to perceive, based on expectations;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology 3. Semantics- poor choice of words, use of emotionally charged words, and inappropriate use of technical jargon; 4. Mixed messages; 5. Status differences between communicating individuals; 6. Communication overload;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology  Communication skills and strategies for better communication: Know your audience; Use active and empathic listening; Ask for feedback;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Conflict Resolution Skills  5 main approaches: Avoidance- pretending a conflict doesn’t exist; Accommodation- focusing on areas of agreement; Compromising, Authoritative command- an outside authority imposes a solution;

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Living Psychology Collaboration- all parties problem solve and put their own interests behind them;