The Clash Over Germany and Italy Chapter 13 Section V
The Holy Roman Empire After death of Charlemagne - Italy in state of disorder Descendents inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor Multiple rulers in Italy Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily After death of Charlemagne - Italy in state of disorder Descendents inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor Multiple rulers in Italy Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily
Otto I (the Great) Elected king of Germany (936) Desired strong central kingdom like Capetians in France Also wanted Italy seized territory in N. Italy Pope begs him for help dealing with nobles Otto agrees, and is crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 Controls Northern Italy Elected king of Germany (936) Desired strong central kingdom like Capetians in France Also wanted Italy seized territory in N. Italy Pope begs him for help dealing with nobles Otto agrees, and is crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 Controls Northern Italy
Henry III Emperor from Expected church to actively support him and the empire 3 men claimed the papacy during his reign He removed them and chose the next 3 popes himself Emperor from Expected church to actively support him and the empire 3 men claimed the papacy during his reign He removed them and chose the next 3 popes himself
Henry IV 5 years old - chance for nobles to regain independence and feudal power Church sought to regain lost power Clashes with Pope Gregory VII Conflict over lay investiture = an imperial rulers right to appoint bishops Gregory --> NO Henry --> YES Gregory has Henry excommunicated 5 years old - chance for nobles to regain independence and feudal power Church sought to regain lost power Clashes with Pope Gregory VII Conflict over lay investiture = an imperial rulers right to appoint bishops Gregory --> NO Henry --> YES Gregory has Henry excommunicated
Pope vs. King > Henry travels to meet the pope and beg for mercy = gets excommunication revoked Concordat of Worms Limits imperial power over church Only Pope can name Bishops Does NOT end conflict between rulers and popes Interference in Italy threatens Papal States > Henry travels to meet the pope and beg for mercy = gets excommunication revoked Concordat of Worms Limits imperial power over church Only Pope can name Bishops Does NOT end conflict between rulers and popes Interference in Italy threatens Papal States
Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I) Ruled Germany from Wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy) Merchant cities Milan resisted, so he destroyed the city Cities united as the Lombard League Defeated Frederick in 1176 Peace treaty Frederick = overlord Cities could govern themselves Ruled Germany from Wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy) Merchant cities Milan resisted, so he destroyed the city Cities united as the Lombard League Defeated Frederick in 1176 Peace treaty Frederick = overlord Cities could govern themselves
Pope Innocent III ( ) Strongest medieval pope Believed emperors/kings were no more than servants of the church He could settle all political AND spiritual matters Used excommunication and interdict freely King John and England - interdict Philip Augustus - interdict Overthrew 2 German kings Strongest medieval pope Believed emperors/kings were no more than servants of the church He could settle all political AND spiritual matters Used excommunication and interdict freely King John and England - interdict Philip Augustus - interdict Overthrew 2 German kings
Failed Unification Italy and Germany never united Frederick II tried to bring both countries together under his rule = FAIL Italy divided into 3 regions N. Italy - Lombard cities Central Italy (Papal States) - Pope S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily Italy and Germany never united Frederick II tried to bring both countries together under his rule = FAIL Italy divided into 3 regions N. Italy - Lombard cities Central Italy (Papal States) - Pope S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily