Theories of Counseling: Existential-Humanistic Tradition PowerPoint produced by Melinda Haley, M.S., New Mexico State University. “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of an image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.” “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Shared Beliefs: Humanism views people as essentially good and growth oriented. If people depart from their basic nature, then they may commit bad or destructive acts. If a relationship is characterized by acceptance, caring, trust and respect, a person can regain his or her emotional and spiritual equilibrium. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Basic Assumptions: The Primacy of Experience: Seeks to understand personal experience. Every individual is unique. Growth Orientation: People have a tendency toward growth and actualization. Free Choice: People can choose what they become. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition The Healing Relationship Healing takes place within the context of a relationship that encompasses: Empathy Advocacy Authenticity “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition History It emerged out of the 1950’s Abram Maslow was influential. Focus was on positive mental health. Maslow believed one could study external behavior and internal experience. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Existential Theory Based in philosophy. Inspired by the writings of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, Jaspers and Buber. Helps people examine issues of personal meaning. Less about theory and more about offering perspective on the human condition. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Victor Frankl and Logotherapy The genesis of logotherapy began in Auschwitz while Frankl was interned there. Looks at the basis of survival and the will to live. Declares that “attitude” is everything. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Existential Principles Self Awareness: You live in the now. Isolation: We are born alone and die alone. Personal Meaning: What is the purpose for living? Freedom: People have fear of freedom because with freedom comes choice and the possibility of bad decisions. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Existential Principles (continued) Angst: Anxiety or dread. Responsibility: We are responsible for our own lives. Death: It kills us but without it we would not know we were alive. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Existential Therapy Disadvantages of It is dense, complex and difficult to master. There is very little guidance for the practitioner. You can be an existentialist but you cannot do it. It is not about technique but your own personal stance. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Advantages of Existential Therapy Contemporary developments within this approach has made it more flexible and easier to use. It has been adapted to briefer systems of intervention. It provides a theoretical framework from which to be eclectic. It is conducive to collaboration with the client to find a unique way of working together. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Counseling Relationship Fosters genuine and authentic human connection. Treats people as persons instead of as objects. Uses the counselor’s own feelings of personal reactions and transference. The counselor is a participant in the process. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition The Therapeutic Process Being in the moment: Focusing on the here and now. Integrating the felt experience into primary relationships: The trust and intimacy found within the therapeutic relationship is generalized to other relationships. Making connections to the past: Clients are encouraged to relive emotionally, past life events. Integrating what was learned: Being a new person in the present moment. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Client-Centered Theory History Founded by Carl Rogers Rogers was influenced by Otto Rank, John Dewey, Martin Buber, and Lao-tse (Chinese Buddhism). Basic Assumptions Listening with the self Core Conditions Reflecting Feelings Empathy Active Listening Safety and Trust “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Core Conditions Contact: Participants are open each other and mutual influence. Genuineness: To be authentic, congruent, human and transparent. Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting a person’s core being regardless of his or her behavior. Empathy: Understanding the person from within his or her experience. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Features of a Client-Centered Session Full and complete presence: Be fully present. Openness and Unconditional Positive Regard: Respecting the person but not necessarily the acts. Authenticity, Genuineness, Transparency and Warmth: Being the real you and not what you think the role of “the counselor” should be. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Features of a Client-Centered Session Immediacy: Focusing on the here and now in the relationship. Empathy and Active Listening: Reflecting content and reflecting feeling. Focus on Affect and Feelings: Looking at the underlying message. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Multicultural Aspects: Clemmont Vontress Vontress is concerned that technique obscures the real relationship with the client. Vontress postulates that “only in a situation of caring and authenticity, can true healing and growth occur.” Vontress emphasized being with the client in ways that respect cultural uniqueness. In addition, spirituality and the connection with the past are seen as pertinent issues in counseling. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Gestalt Theory History Founded by Fritz Perls Believed looking at the whole was more important than looking at the parts. Motivated to perfect a theory as different from Freud’s as possible. Basic Tenets The Here and Now Personal Awareness Personal Responsibility Awareness Unfinished Business Becoming more fully alive “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Existential-Humanistic Tradition Gestalt Techniques The Here and Now: Everything important happens in the present. Unfinished Business: Things from the past, haunt us in the present. Channels of Resistance: Blocks people use to preven themselves from having contact with others. Choices of Language: Client’s aren’t allow to overgeneralize. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Resources Ivey, A. E., D’Andrea, M., Ivey, M. B. and Morgan, L. S. (2002). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective, 5th ed. Boston, MA.: Allyn & Bacon. James, R. K. & Gilliland, B. E. (2003). Theories and strategies in counseling and psychotherapy, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Kottler, J. A. (2002). Theories in counseling and therapy: An experiential approach. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. “Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”