The Crusades & Church Reform

I. The Crusades Palestine = “Holy Land” 600s: Muslim Arabs conquered Palestine Tolerated others 1000s: Saljuq Turks (warlike, from Central Asia) Conquered Palestine & attacked Asia Minor (Byz) Threatened Constantinople Appealed to Pope

A. The Pope’s Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II 1095: meeting of Church leaders in Claremont, Fr. “God wills it!!!” Crusaders—sewed a cross of cloth on garments Crusades = expeditions to regain Holy Land 1. inspired by faith---you go straight to Heaven if killed 2. the lure of lands & plunder 3. merchants = money

B. The First Crusade ( ) Led by Fr. & Norman nobles Crossed Euro. to Const. Met some resistance at Const. Crusaders suffered severely Unprepared Army of 12,000 reached Jerusalem July 15, 1099: captured Jer. – terrible massacre

Crusaders set up four small states: Edessa Antioch Tripoli Jerusalem Introduced feudalism Euro. trade developed Acculturation

C. The Second Crusade ( ) Turks recaptured Edessa & threatened Jer. King Louis VII (Fr.) & Conrad III (H.R. Emp) Did not join until Damascus (Turks held) Failed to capture Edessa

D. The Third Crusade ( ) Salah al-Din (Muslim leader—recaptured Jer.) Led by: King Philip II (Fr.) Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (H.R. Emp.) King Richard the Lion-Hearted (Eng.) Failed Barbarossa drowned Philip & Richard quarreled (Philip went home) Richard was outmatched

1192: King Richard & Salah al-Din agreed to a truce Jer. remained under Muslim control Unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit

E. Later Crusades Pope Innocent III = Fr. Knights embarked on the Fourth Crusade ( ) Venice (transportation) Attack Zadar Christian city but commercial rival of Venice Army was excomm. Venetians & crusaders attacked Const. Supported one faction of the Byz. royal family Const. = $$$$$

1204: crusaders looted Const. Christian relics taken back west Byz. regained Const. 50 yrs. later 1453: Turks seized Const.

1. A Spanish Crusade Moors controlled most of Spain until 1100s Reconquista: Spanish effort to liberate Spain of Muslims 1492: last Muslim kingdom of Grenada fell to the Christian army (Ferdinand & Isabella) Inquisition: Church’s attempt to suppress heresy Heretics?

2. Children’s Crusade 1212: thousands of children embarked on crusades to Jer. Stephen of Cloyes (Fr.)—12 yrs. old 30,000 kids under 18 Many died of exposure & starvation Nicholas of Cologne (Germany) 20,000 kids & young adults Many died crossing the Alps to Rome Once in Rome, pope said, “Go home!” 2,000 survived the journey home

Crusading spirit slowly died Additional crusades took place after 1204 until 1291 (Muslims captured Acre)

F. Results of Crusades Military: all crusades failed except the First Euros. learned much militarily 1. the crossbow 2. siege tactics 3. gunpowder Power of kings & middle class strengthened Feudalism declined Nobles died fighting Some mortgaged or sold land to finance crusade

Papal prestige was enhanced (assumed political power) Commercial changes Italian cities benefited by transporting crusaders Euros. became more familiar w/new products

II. The Age of Faith Monasteries led spiritual revival Cluny, Fr. (910) –return to the basic principles of Christianity New religious orders

A. Problems of the Church Some priests were nearly illiterate Some popes had questionable morals Many bishops cared more about being feudal lords than spiritual leaders ($$$$$$$)

Many issues of concern: 1. priests married w/children 2. bishops sold positions in church (simony) 3. lay investiture

B. Reform & Church Organization Pope Leo IX & Pope Gregory VII enforced church laws 1100s & 1200s: Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom Pope & Curia Canon law Friars: diplomats for the pope traveled thru Euro. dealing w/bishops & kings Collected taxes = tithes

C. Heresy Church did not allow the questioning of the basic foundation of Christianity Heretics: unbelievers guilty of the unpardonable sin of heresy (eternal damnation) Religious orders: Franciscans: 1209 –St. Francis of Assisi Dominicans: 1216 –St. Dominic Friars: traveled, lived, preached among people Mid 1200s: Dominicans led the Inquisition