THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE

CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES IN THE PERIOD OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE DARK AGES, THE CHURCH RESPONDED TO NUMEROUS INVASIONS WITH A REVIVAL OF RELIGIOUS FERVOR.

THE AGE OF FAITH THE REVIVAL WAS CENTERED AROUND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THE REESTABLISHMENT OF THE POWR OF THE POPE –THE MONASTERY AT CLUNY IN FRANCE (910) WAS THE FOCAL POINT OF CHURCH REFORM PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH –LAY INVESTITURE –SIMONY –NON-CELIBACY OF SOME OF THE LOCAL PRIESTS REFORM AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION –POPE WAS ADVISED BY THE PAPAL CURIA MADE RULING S BASED ON CANON LAW POPE HAD DIPLOMATS THAT TRAVELED THROUGHOUT EUROPE COLLECTION OF TITHES –MOST HOSPITALS WERE RUN BY THE CHURCH NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS –DOMINICANS, BENEDICTINES, FRANCISCANS POVERTY, CHASTITY AND OBEDIENCE FRIARS TRAVELED AND PREACHED; SURVIVED ON ALMS THEY WERE GIVEN

CATHEDRALS-CITIES OF GOD WHILE MOST PEOPLE WORSHIPPED IN SMALL LOCAL CHURCHES, THE CONSTRUCTION OF CATHEDRALS WAS VIEWED AS A CITY OF GOD –USUALLY FOUND IN LARGER CITIES BETWEEN 800 AND 1100, CATHEDRALS WERE DESIGNED IN A STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE CALLED, ROMANESQUE –CHARACTERIZED BY SMALL WINDOWS, THICK WALLS AND PILARS AND THE USE OF ARCHES NEW STYLES OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE –BY 1100, GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE WAS THE DOMINANT STYLE FOR CATHEDRALS –REACHING UPWARDS TO HEAVEN –USE OF STAINED GLASS WINDOWS ALLOWED MORE LIGHT INTO THE CHURCH WINDOWS ATTEMPTED TO TELL A STORY

THE CRUSADES IN 1093 THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR, ALEXIUS COMNENUS, REQUESTS ASSISTANCE FROM THE WEST TO FIGHT THE MUSLIMS POPE URBAN II CALLS FOR A CRUSADE GOALS OF THE CRUSADES –RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC REGAIN HOLY LAND FROM MUSLIMS, TERRITORY FOR YOUNGER NOBILITY, PREVENT FIGHTING BETWEEN CHRISTIAN KNIGHTS, ITALIAN MERCHANTS DESIRE TO CLAIM TRADE ROUTES TO THE FAR EAST. THE FIRST AND SECOND CRUSADES –THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS LED BY KNIGHTS PRIMARILY FROM FRANCE. –THEY WERE ILL PREPARED FOR THE GEOGRAPHY OR CLIMATE –CAPTURED JERUSALEM IN 1099 –BY 1157 THE SECOND CRUSADE IS CALLED IN ORDER TO REGAIN TERRITORY LOST TO THE MUSLIMS (EDESSA) –BY 1187 JERUSALEM WAS CAPTURED BY SALADIN, A KURDISH MUSLIM LEADER THE THIRD CRUSADE – ; THE CRUSADE OF KINGS: RICHARD THE LION-HEART, PHILIP AUGUSTUS, FREDERICK BARBAROSSA –RICHARD AND SALADIN ARE THE KEYS FIGURES; TRUCE SIGNED THAT ALLOWS UNARMED PILGRIMS TO ENTER JERUSALEM

THE CRUSADING SPIRIT DWINDLES THE FOURTH CRUSADE IN 1204 NEVER REACHED THE HOLY LAND, RATHER THE CRUSADERS PILLAGED CONSTANTINOPLE –LATER CRUSADES ATTEMPTED TO CONQUER EGYPT, BUT ALL WERE FAILURES THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE –OVER 30,000 CHILDREN INTENDED TO MARCH ON JERUSALEM –MOST DIED, TURNED BACK OR WERE SOLD INTO SLAVERY BEFORE THEY EVER REACHED JERUSALEM A SPANISH CRUSADE –THE RECONQUISTA WAS CATHOLIC SPAIN’S WAR AGAINST THE MUSLIMS (MOORS) IN SPAIN –BY 1492 CATHOLIC MONARCHS FERDINAND AND ISABELLA HAVE DEFEATED THE MUSLIMS –THE INQUISITION, CHURCH COURT, ATTEMPTS TO WEED OUT HERETICS PRIMARILY DIRECTED AGAINST JEWS AND MUSLIMS; BY 1492 ALL PRCTICING MUSLIMS AND JEWS ARE EXPUNGED FROM SPAIN.

THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES WEAKENING OF THE POWER OF THE NOBILITY AND AN INCREASE IN THE POWER OF KINGS INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN THE FAR EAST AND EUROPE GROWING ANIMOSITY BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS WEAKENING OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE INCREASING INDEPENDENTS FOR MANY WOMEN GROWTH IN TOWNS, TRADES AND UNIVERSITIES

CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND FINANCE CHANGE GROWTH OF TOWNS AND CITIES –INCREASE IN POPULATION CULTURAL INTERACTION –UNIVERSITIES

A GROWING FOOD SUPPLY CHANGE IN CLIMATE AND IMROVED METHODS OF FARMING SWITCH TO HORSEPOWER –DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HARNESS AIDS IN UTILIZING HORSES RATHER THAN OXEN THE THREE FIELD SYSTEM –MORE FEED=RESISTANCE TO DISEASE=LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY

THE GUILDS AN ORGANIZATION OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE SAME BUSINESS OR OCCUPATION WORKING TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC OR WORKING CONDITIONS OF ITS MEMBERS. MERCHANT AND CRAFT GUILDS –SET STANDARDS FOR WAGES, QUALITY OF WORK AND WORK CONDITIONS –PLANS FOR SUPERVISION OF NEW WORKERS QUALITY OF PRODUCTS IMPROVED GUILDS BECAME INFLUENTIAL FORCES IN TOWN GOVERNMENT AND THE ECONOMIES OF CITIES.

URBAN LIFE FLOURISHES POPULATION OF EUROPE INCREASED BY 12 MILLION BETWEEN 1000 AND 1150 TRADE AND TOWNS GROW TOGETHER –ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF TOWN LIFE –DRAWBACK: FIRE, SANITATION, OVERCROWDING –SERFS RAN AWAY FROM THE MANORS AND SOUGHT THEIR FREEDOM MERCHANT CLASS SHIFTS THE SOCIAL ORDER –MERCHANTS DID NOT FIT INTO THE FEUDAL SOCIAL ORDER –CREATION OF THE MIDDLE CLASS BURGHERS, BOURGEOSIE IN RETURN FROM BENEFITS FROM KINGS, THE MERCHANTS PAID TAXES THIS ALLOWED MONARCHS TO DECREASE THEIR DEPENDENCY ON THE NOBILITY

ENGLAND’S EVOLVING GOVERNMENT GOALS OF ENGLISH MONARCHS –EXPAND THEIR LAND IN FRANCE HENRY II INCREASES HIS LAND IN FRANCE BY MARRYING ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE –HENRYII WAS KING OF ENGLAND, WHILE BEING A VASSAL TO THE KING OF FRANCE. –INCREASE THEIR POWER OVER THE CHURCH AND THE NOBILITY JURIES AND COMMON LAW –HENRY RULES FROM –INCREASES HIS POWER BY THE CREATION OF THE ENGLISH JUDICIAL SYSTEM –CIRCUIT COURTS AND JURIES (PETITE JURY) –COMMON LAW THE MAGNA CARTA –KING JOHN ( ) PROVOKES THE ANGER OF THE NOBLES BY REQUESTING HARSH TAXES –NOBILITY FORCES HIM TO SIGN THE MAGNA CARTA (GREAT CHARTER) NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, TRIAL BY JURY AND EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW THE MODEL PARLIAMENT –1295: BURGESSES (CITIZENS OF WEALTH AND PROPERTY), BISHOPS, NOBILITY CALLED FOR THE PURPOSE OF RAISING TAXES WILL EVENTUALLY DIVIDE INTO TWO CHAMBERS: HOUSE OF COMMONS (BURGESSES AND KNIGHTS) AND HOUSE OF LORDS (NOBILITY AND BISHOPS)

CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE AFTER THE DEATH OF CHARLEMAGNE, DUKE AND OTHER NOBILITY DIVIDED THE KINGDOM EVENTUALLY HUGH CAPET’S FAMILY WILL EMERGE AS THE RULING FAMILY FROM FRANCE BECOMES A SEPARATE KINGDOM –GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION WAS THE GREATEST ADVANTAGE FOR THE CAPETIANS PHILLIP II EXPANDS HIS POWER –CALLED AUGUSTUS, MAJESTIC, BECAUSE HE EXPANDED THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE AND REGAINED MUCH OF THE TERRITORY THAT HAD BEEN TAKEN BY HENRY II , UNSCRUPULOUS AND UNPRINCIPLED FOR THE FIRST TIME, FRENCH MONARCHS ARE MORE POWERFUL THAN THEIR VASSALS USES BAILIFFS TO RUN ROYAL COURTS AND TO COLLECT TAXES PHILLIP II HEIRS –LOUIS IX ( ); ESTABLISHES APPELLATE COURTS –PHILLIP IV ( ); IN DISPUTE WITH THE POPE, HE ESTABLISHES THE THIRD ESTATE ESTATES-GENERAL –FIRST ESTATE: RELIGIOUS LEADERS –SECOND ESTATE: NOBILITY –THIRD ESTATE: COMMONERS, WEALTHY LANDHOLDERS, MERCHANTS BEGINNINGS OF DEMOCRACY