Sudan: The Southern Policy and Sudanese Independence HIST 4339

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Outline 1920s: increasing unrest in Egypt and Sudan Withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Sudan 1920s and 1930s: Indir Rule Southern Policy and Nuba Policy 1930s/1940s: rise of Sudanese natlism 1956: Suez Crisis

Indirect Rule First established 1922 Early efforts at gradual sudanization of administration After 1924, British reluctant to allow educated Sudanese any responsibility

Southern Policy Separation of south from north Encouragement of development of southern culture Early and vague consideration of partition Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

Nuba Policy Extension of Southern Policy Instituted in 1929 Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

Nuba Policy Goal: “to preserve an authentic Nuba civilization and culture as against a bastard type of Arabization” British politicization and alteration of existing divisions and communities

Sudanese Nationalism 1938: establishment of “Graduates’ General Congress” (educated Sudanese) 1942: Sudanese leaders demand “right of self- determination” at WWII end 1946: draft treaty renegotiating Sudan’s status leaves all parties unhappy

Draft Treaty (1946) “... will have for its essential objective to secure the well-being of the Sudan... the development of self-government, and consequently the right to choose the future status of the Sudan. Until... full common agreement... the Agreement of 1899 will continue and Article 11 of the Treaty of will remain in force.”

Sudanese Nationalism 1952: military revolution in Egypt, Egyptian call for Sudanese independence 1953: British agree to Egyptian proposal

Sudanese Nationalism 1955: Sudanese demand that Britain withdraw troops Dec 1955: Sudanese declaration of independence 1 Jan 1956: official transfer of power in Khartoum

Suez Crisis Egyptian leader Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser accepts Soviet military aid July 1956: Nasser’s nationalization of Suez canal

Suez Crisis Nov 1956: Britain’s disastrous military operation to regain canal Britain no longer a world power