. Where is the holy land that Jesus had lived and died for Christians? Palestine 2. Who was the Pope that called for a Holy War in 1095 to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims? Pope Urban II 3. What was the first disorganized crusade called? The People’s Crusade 4. Which crusade did the Muslims recapture Jerusalem? Who was the leader of the Muslims? The Third Crusade Salah ad-Din or Saladin 5. What did the Christians do during the Fourth Crusade? They turned against the eastern Christians of the Byzantine Empire and sacked Constantinople 6. What event basically ended the Crusaders for Christians? Muslims destroyed the Christian outposts in the Holy Land 7. Which English ruler led a Crusade for the Christians? Richard the Lion-Hearted 8. What six (6) things did a boy have to learn to become a Knight? Horsemanship, archery, wrestling, the use of a sword, shield, and a lance 9. Education of a knight emphasized four things. List what they were? Christian piety, honor, respect for women, and protection and compassion for the helpless 10. What were the titles and the ages that a boy would go through to the stage of Knighthood? Page – age of 12 Squire or apprentices to a knight – age 14 Knight – by the age of What did the crusades actually do for Europeans? Stimulated Europeans with contact by Byzantines and Muslims to the goods from the East 12. What types of goods did Europeans become fascinated with from East Asia? Name four (4) Rugs, Tapestries, Spices, and exotic foods 13. What happened between the years of 1147 and 1149? The Second Crusade begins in France; it ends with the crusaders failing to regain what had been lost 14. What happened in 1212? The ill-fated “Children’s Crusade”, thousands of children leave for the Holy Land, only to die en route or be captured and sold into slavery 15. What happened between 1248 and 1254? Louis IX of France goes on the crusade to Egypt, where he is captured and later ransomed 16. What happened in 1291? The Christian city of Acres falls to the Muslims (Islam); the Crusaders are effectively at an end

The Hundred Years’ War & Decline of the Church

 Hundred Years War  England & France forged their identities  Fought intermittently between 1337 & 1453  Began as a feudal war – developed two powerful & territorially integrated states  Challenges to the Catholic Church  Kings sought greater influence over the clergy  Theologians rejected many of the church’s positions  Legitimacy of its power  Damaged prestige  The Babylonian Captivity  The Great Schism  Social Change  Growing cities Tightening membership in Guilds  Stratification of gender roles  Peasant and urban revolts

 1337 – 1453  England and France fought over English feudal claims to the French throne  116 years of intermittent war  England won every important battle  Except the last one

 Causes  Aquitaine  Inherited in the 12 th C by England (Capetian dynasty)  French nobles did not want England’s king Edward III to exercise his royal claim in France.  French nobles seeking to weaken French monarchy supported Edward  Economic competition over the rich Flemish wool-producing towns  Flemish aristocracy supported France  Merchant class supported England  The war presented many opportunities for honor, advancement, and wealth for nobles

Importance Nationalism grows Both countries sensationalized the evils of the other Fostered mutual hatred Military Ended medieval tactics and chivalric rules of war England won MOST of the battles Used artillery for the 1 st time & the longbow, Which unhorsed knights in armor, superior to the crossbow The cannon meant stone castles were obsolete France won the war Joan of Arc – spurred nationalistic fervor

Joan of Arc Peasant girl 16 years old Heard voices urging her to help the dauphin (uncrowned king) Convinced king to allow her to accompany an army to the siege of Orleans. Her leadership inspired the soldiers 10 days later England withdrew 10 days after that Charles was crowned Joan was captured by Burgundians (enemies of france) Sold her to England Tried and executed for witchcraft and heresy Cut her hair Wore men’s clothes Claimed to hear directly from God Became one of two patron saints of France

Consequences Death Toll was huge in contrast to medieval wars Economies in France where the battles were fought, were devastated. England’s economy suffered due to the stunning costs of the war Plunder soldiers brought back added to their coffers Gov raised taxes on wool – making it harder to sell aboard, thus hurting the econ Parliament grew - Constitutional Monarchy advanced Edward III called Parliament into session 37 out of the 50 years of his reign to ask for finances for the war. Commons separated from the Lords Commons – knights and wealthy burghers (burgers) Right to approve non-feudal levies – financial power England only had one Parliament – other countries had dominate regional/provincial assemblies

Seeds of change – Parliament Limited monarchy (nearly 800 years) Origin The Magna Carta (FIRST SOCIAL CONTRACT) The barons of England forced King John to sign – 1215 Estab. Limitations on royal power Restricted judicial powers of the king Protected the wealthy townsmen from arbitrary arrest or cruel punishment Granted trial by jury Required the “common consent of the realm” for new taxes During the 100 Years’ War The king needed the common consent to acquire more (and more) funds for the war Parliament became more powerful A feudal origin the Magna Carta guaranteed right to the ruling elites, that were extended over the centuries to all royal subjects

Catholic Church Inadequate and conflicted leadership Putting it under the domination of powerful states Demand from within to restructure from a papal hierarchy to councils made up from the clergy The growth of lay piety Mysticism

Under the domination of the French king (not in Rome) Focused on internal administrative reforms Return to Rome (after nearly 70 years) Dispute over who should be pope Fueled by nationalism Two popes were elected Urban VI – Italian Clement VII – cousin of the king of France States supported according to their political interests

The Great Schism Effort to reform the monarchical organization of the church by sharing power with church councils representative of all Christians CHURCH OR GOVERNMENT John Wyclif (later his ideas were used by Martin Luther movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation.) The only source of Christian doctrine & practice – the Scriptures Scriptures should be read in the vernacular by the laity Common religious practices were illegitimate Veneration of saints and pilgrimages Simony (buying/selling of church offices) Pluralism (holding several offices at the same time) Absenteeism (holding an office, but living in another place) Property ownership

Also called Great Schism, or Great Western Schism, in the history of the Roman Catholic church, the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices. Shortly after the return of the papal residence to Rome following almost 70 years in Avignon, the archbishop of Bari was elected pope as Urban VI amid demands by the Roman populace for “a Roman or at least an Italian.” Urban VI proved to be so hostile to the cardinals, who had assumed great powers during the years at Avignon, that a group of cardinals retired to Anagni and elected one of themselves, Robert of Geneva, as Clement VII, claiming the election of Urban VI had been invalid because it was made under fear. Clement VII then took up residence at Avignon. Although Roman Catholic church historians generally agree that Urban VI and his successors were the legitimate popes, there has never been an official pronouncement to this effect.

The conflicts quickly escalated from a church problem to a diplomatic crisis that divided Europe. Secular leaders had to choose which claimant they would recognize: Avignon: France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples, Scotland an d Owain Glyndwr's rebellion in Wales recognized the Avignon claimant; Rome: Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Ireland (English Dominion), Norway, Portugal, Poland (later Poland- Lithuania), Sweden, Republic of Venice, and other City States of northern Italy, recognized the Roman claimant.

Crusade Magna Carta Parliament Great Schism Bubonic Plague Hundred Years’ War