FIGURE 8-1 Single-function analog meters. (Courtesy of Hour Insts.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-2 D’Arsonval meter movement. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-3 Meter movement with a shunt resistor to measure current. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-4 Switching arrangement for a multirange current meter. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-5 Meter movement with a multiplier used to measure voltage. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-6 Switching arrangements for a multirange voltmeter. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-7 Ohmeter design: (a) ohmmeter circuit with a meter movement used to measure resistance; (b) ohmmeter circuit calculations. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-8 Ohmeter scale: (a) Ohm’s scale of a meter; (b) marking or calibrating an Ohm’s scale. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-9 Volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM)-Analog meter. (Courtesy of Triplett Corp.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-10 Meter used to measure electrical power: (a) dynamometer movement; (b) meter movement schematic; (c) circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 8-10 continued Meter used to measure electrical power: (a) dynamometer movement; (b) meter movement schematic; (c) circuit. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 8-11 Watt-hour meter. (Courtesy of Sangamo-Schlumberger.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-12 Using single-phase wattmeters to measure three-phase power. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-13 Chart-Recording three-phase power analyzer with clamp-on line monitors. (Courtesy of Esterline Angus Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-14 Circuit of a power factor meter. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-15 Power demand meter. (Courtesy of Sangamo-Schlumberger.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-16 Frequency meters. (Courtesy of J-B-T Instruments.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-16 continued Frequency meters. (Courtesy of J-B-T Instruments.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-17 Oscilloscopes may be used to measure frequency. [(a) Courtesy of Tektronix co; (b) courtesy of Leader Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 8-17 continued Oscilloscopes may be used to measure frequency. [(a) Courtesy of Tektronix co; (b) courtesy of Leader Co.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 8-18 GFI circuit tester. (Courtesy of Leviton Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-19 Megohmmeter used to measure high resistance. (Courtesy of James G. Biddle Instruments.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-20 Clamp-on current meter: (a) operational principle; (b) analog meter; (c) digital ac/dc clamp meter. [(b) Courtesy of VIZ Manufacturing Co.; (c) courtesy of Extech Instruments Corp.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-20 continued Clamp-on current meter: (a) operational principle; (b) analog meter; (c) digital ac/dc clamp meter. [(b) Courtesy of VIZ Manufacturing Co.; (c) courtesy of Extech Instruments Corp.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 8-20 continued Clamp-on current meter: (a) operational principle; (b) analog meter; (c) digital ac/dc clamp meter. [(b) Courtesy of VIZ Manufacturing Co.; (c) courtesy of Extech Instruments Corp.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (c)

FIGURE 8-21 Wheatstone bridge: (a) circuit of a Wheatstone bridge; (b) comparative instrument. [(b) Courtesy of Leeds & Northrup, a unit of General Signal.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (a)

FIGURE 8-21 continued Wheatstone bridge: (a) circuit of a Wheatstone bridge; (b) comparative instrument. [(b) Courtesy of Leeds & Northrup, a unit of General Signal.] Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. (b)

FIGURE 8-22 Construction of an electrostatic-deflection CRT: (a) cutaway view; (b) electron beam detail. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-22 continued Construction of an electrostatic-deflection CRT: (a) cutaway view; (b) electron beam detail. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-23 Block diagram of a general-purpose oscillo-scope. Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-24 Waveforms that could easily be observed on a digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-25 Digital storage oscilloscope. (Courtesy of Leader Instrument Corp.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-26 Block diagram of a typical digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-27 Autoranging digital multimeter-range adjusts automatically. (Courtesy of Hewlett-Packard Co.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-28 Chart recording instruments. (Courtesy of Gould, Inc., Instruments Division, Cleveland, Ohio.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

FIGURE 8-29 X-Y recorder. (Courtesy of Esterline Angus Instruments Division.) Dale R. Patrick Electricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.