Yasemin Abayhan, Deniz Sahin, Orhan Aydın, Gonca Ciffiliz, Hayal Yavuz, Savas Ceylan, Alp Giray Kaya Relationships Between Parental Psychological Control,

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Yasemin Abayhan, Deniz Sahin, Orhan Aydın, Gonca Ciffiliz, Hayal Yavuz, Savas Ceylan, Alp Giray Kaya Relationships Between Parental Psychological Control, Rejection Sensitivity and Prosocial/Aggressive Behaviors in Younger Adolescents

Literature Review Recent research suggests that some parenting behaviors such as support and control are related to adolescent’s positive and negative developmental outcomes (Been, Barber and Crane, 2006; Kerr and Statin, 2000). Parental support includes parental behaviors representing a well-established positive dimension of parenting. Parental controlling can be conceptualized as covering both negative and positive parenting dimensions.

Literature Review Types of parent’s control attempts such as to control the child’s behavior versus to control the child’s self might have positive and negative consequences. Barber (1996) argues: “Parental control” has to be separated by two control types such as “Psychological Control” and “Behavioral Control”

Literature Review Behavioral Control Parental behaviors of monitoring and regulating adolescents’ behavior. Providing structure on their functioning (Steiner, 2005).

Literature Review Psychological Control Intrusive parental practices to the adolescents’ autonomy. Manipulating their psychological and emotional worlds. Utilizing emotional strategies to control adolescents’ behaviors. Hindering their self expressions. Parents control the adolescent’s inner state (Steiner, 2005).

Literature Review Parents’ use of psychological control are most strongly related to negative developmental outcomes such as; Low self-esteem Low self-confidence Low academic achievement Identity development (Barber and Buehler, 1996; Barber and Harmon, 2002).

Literature Review As Steinberg (1990) stated, healthy adolescent development is associated with higher levels of behavioral control but lower levels of pscyhological control. In pscyhological control parents are using emotional strategies in order to control adolescents’ behaviors. Therefore, they can induct the feeling of guilt or they can ignore and minimize the warmth and compassion behaviors which can be associated with the term of “rejection sensitivity”.

Literature Review What is Rejection Sensitivity? People have a tendency to avoid rejection in daily life. Some people interpret the ambiguous negative cues as a rejection and start anxiously expect rejection and overreact to rejection (Downey et al, 2004; Romero-Canyas & Downey, 2005; Pietrzak, Downey & Ayduk, 2005).

Literature Review Rejection Sensitivity —> “cognitive-affective processing dynamic or disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive and react in an exaggerated manner to cues of rejection in the behavior of others” (Downey & Feldman, 1996). Expectations of rejection facilitate subjective perceptions of rejection, which cause behaviors that evoke objective rejections, reinforcing expectations of rejection.

Literature Review RS stems from early experiences of both parental and peer rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996; Pietrzak, Downey & Ayduk, 2005). Early parental rejections which include cruelty, hostility, physical and emotional neglect and abuse are internalized by children as a legacy of rejection (Feldman &Downey, 1994).

Literature Review Psychological control could be perceived as associated with parental rejection it may be related with rejection sensitivity. Socially excluded people either act prosocially in order to gain acceptance or act aggressively regain control. As a negative developmental outcomes of pscyhological control, adolescents’ can use aggression and/or prosocial behavior as a cooping strategies of both rejection sensitiviy and psychological control.

The Aim of the Current Study Therefore, the current study aims to answer three questions; 1- Does psychological control predicts rejection sensitivity? 2- Does psychological control and rejection sensitivity predict both aggressive and prosocial behaviors of adolescents? 3- Does pscyhological control and rejection sensitivity predict both aggressive and prosocial behaviors of adolescents according to their sex?

Method Participants were 297( 147F, 150M) students from 6th (96=58F, 38M) 7th (73=31F, 42M) and 8th(128=58F, 70M) grades from a state junior high school.

Method Instruments Parental Psychological Control Scales Maternal and paternal 8-item psychological control scales with a 4- point response rate, developed by Barber (1996) and adapted to Turkish by Sayıl and Kındap (2010) were used. Cronbach Alpha coefficients for the Turkish version of the mother form is.89 and the father form is.79.

Method Instruments Children’s Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (CRSQ): CRSQ developed by Downey, Lebolt, Rincon and Freitas (1998) and adapted to Turkish by Abayhan, Sahin,Yavuz, Aydın and Giray (2008) was used. It is a 12 item scale with a 6-point response rate. Cronbach Alpha coefficients for the anxiety expectation and anger expectation dimensions of the Turkish version are.89 and.79 respectively.

Method Instruments Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire developed by Boxer, Tisak, Goldstein (2004) and adapted to Turkish by Bayraktar, Kındap, Kumru, Sayıl (under revision) was used. It is 25 item scale with a 4-point response rate. Aggressive behavior dimension consists of 10 items. Prosocial behavior is consisted of altruistic, proactive and reactive prosocial behavior dimensions. Cronbach Alpha’s of the Turkish version are.90 for the aggressive behavior,.75 for the altruistic,.84 for the proactive and.78 for the reactive prosocial behavior dimensions.

Method Procedure -Participants filled out the questionnaires during class time. -Average administration lasted for 30 minutes.

Results A series of hierarchic analyses were performed to explore the predictive abilities of the parental psychological control variable and the anxiety expectation and anger expectation dimensions of the rejection sensitivity variable on aggressive and prosocial behaviors of younger adolescents

Research Questions- 1 Does pscyhological control predicts rejection sensitivity? Predicted Variables: Anger expectations and anxiety expectations Predictor: Maternal and paternal psychological control

Predicted Variable: Anxiety Expectation Anxiety expectation dimension scores of the rejection sensitivity were first regressed on maternal psychological control scores and then on the paternal psychological control scores

Predicted Variable: Anxiety Expectation Multiple R was found to be significant in the first model [R=.152, R(sqchange)=.023, F(1, 295) =6.932, p<.009]. The increment in the second model was also found to be significant [R=.201, R(sqchange)=.018, F(1, 294)=5.365, p<.021).

Predicted Variable: Anxiety Expectation Examination of the β ’s indicated that both maternal and paternal psychological controls were significant predictors of anxiety expectation ( β =.152, p<.009 and β =.169, p<.021 respectively )

Predicted Variable: Anger Expectation Anger expectation dimension scores of the rejection sensitivity were first regressed on maternal psychological control scores and then on the paternal psychological control scores

Predicted Variable: Anger Expectation Multiple R was found to be significant in the first model [R=.174, R(sqchange)=.030, F(1, 295) =9.23, p<.003]. The increment in the second model was also found to be significant [R=.245, R(sqchange)=.030, F(1, 294)=9.278, p<.003).

Predicted Variable: Anger Expectation Examination of the β ’s indicated that both maternal and paternal psychological controls were significant predictors of anger expectation ( β =.174, p<.0093 and β =.221, p<.030 respectively )

Prediction of Rejection Sensitivity Dimensions in Girls Neither maternal nor paternal control predicted none of the rejection sensitivity dimensions in girls.

Prediction of Anxiety Expectation in Boys Maternal control had a significant predictive power [R=.231, R(sqchange)=.053, F(1, 148) =8.38, p<.004; β =.231,p<.004 ]. Paternal control also had a significant predictive power (R=.287, R(sqchange)=.029, F(1, 148) =4.607, p<.033; β =.219,p<.033 ].

Prediction of Anger Expectation in Boys Maternal control had a significant predictive power [R=.220, R(sqchange)=.048, F(1, 148) =7.521, p<.007; β =.220,p<.007 ]. Paternal control also had a significant predictive power (R=.287, R(sqchange)=.029, F(1, 148) =4.607, p<.033; β =.216,p<.037 ].

Research Questions- 2 and 3 Does psychological control and rejection sensitivity predict both aggressive and prosocial behaviors of adolescents? Does pscyhological control and rejection sensitivity predict both aggressive ann prosocial behaviors of adolescents according to their sex? Predicted Variables: Agression and Prosocial Behaviors Predictors: Maternal and paternal psychological control; rejection sensitivity (anger expectations and anxiety expectations)

Predicted Variable: Aggression In those analyses aggression was first regressed on maternal and paternal psychological control scores and then on the anxiety and anger expectations dimensions of rejection sensitivity scores.

Predicted Variable: Aggression Multiple R was found to be significant in the first model [R=.238, R(sqchange)=.057, F(2, 294) =8.859, p<.000]. The increment in the second model was also found to be significant [R=.318, R(sqchange)=.044, F(2, 292)=7.161, p<.001).

Predicted Variable: Aggression Examination of the β ’s indicated that while maternal psychological control was a significant predictor of aggression ( β =.178,p<.015) paternal psychological control was not. Anger expectation dimension of the rejection sensitivity was a significant predictor of aggression with a higher β (.273, <.005) where as anxiety expectation did not.

Predicted Variable: Aggression in Girls Multiple R was found to be significant in the first model [R=.223, R(sqchange)=.050, F(2, 144) =3.777, p<.025]. The increment in the second model was also found to be significant [R=.383, R(sqchange)=.097 F(2, 142)=8.038, p<.000).

Predicted Variable: Aggression in Girls Examination of the β ’s indicated that neither maternal nor paternal psychological control was a significant predictor of aggression ( β =.178,p<.015). Anger expectation dimension of the rejection sensitivity was a significant predictor of aggression with a high β (.426, <.001).

Predicted Variable: Aggression in Boys Multiple R was found to be significant in the first model [R=.239, R(sq)=.057, F(2, 147) =4.455, p<.013]. But the increment in the second model was not significant. Examination of the β ’s revealed that maternal psychological control predicted aggression in boys ( β =.248, p<.018).

Predicted Variable: Prosocial Behavior Prosocial behavior scores were first regressed on maternal and paternal psychological control scores and then on the anxiety and anger expectations dimensions of rejection sensitivity scores.

Predicted Variable: Prosocial Behavior Multiple R was not significant in the first model; hence paternal psychological control had no significant predictive power on prosocial behavior. The second model, had a significant predictive power on prosocial behavior (R=.239, R(sqchange)=.057 F(2,292)=.001).

Predicted Variable: Prosocial Behavior Both dimensions of rejection sensitivity predicted significantly: while anxiety expectation ( β =.32,p<.001) predicted positively; anger expectation predicted negatively ( β = -.377,p<.001).

Predicted Variable Prosocial Behavior in Girls Multiple R was significant only on the second model(R=.306, R(sqchange)=.081, F(2,142)=6.36, p<.002).

Predicted Variable: Prosocial Behavior in Girls While anxiety expectation ( β =.433,p<.001) predicted prosocial behavior positively; anger expectation predicted negatively ( β = -.434,p<.001).

Predicted Variable: Prosocial Behavior in Boys Neither parental psychological control nor rejection of sensitivity had predictive power on the prosocial behavior of the boys.

Discussion Results indicated that both maternal and paternal psychological controls predicted both anger and anxiety expectations. These results shows us that psychological control predicts both dimensions of rejection sensitivity in general. But renewing of the analysis according to sex differences showed that neither maternal nor paternal control predicted none of the rejection sensitivity dimensions in girl. On the other hand, both paternal and maternal control predicted boy’s anger and anxiety expectations. The perception differences between boys and girls can be one of the explanations for these interesting results. Also Sayıl and Kındap (2010) found that boys are much more sensitive to paternal psychological control than girls.

Discussion Results also indicated that maternal psychological control and anger expectations of adolescents predicted aggressive behaviors in general. According to sex differences, anger expectations was only significant predictor for girls’ aggressive behaviors. On the other hand, boys’ aggressive behaviors was predicted by their mothers psychological control but none of the predictors predicted their prosocial behavior. We can assume that, mothers are using psychological control as a preventive strategies for their sons.

Discussion Interestingly, prosocial behaviors were only predicted by anxiety and anger expectations of adolescents. However, anxiety expectations of adolescents predicted prosocial behavior positively; whereas anxiety expectations of adolescents predicted prosocial behavior negatively. These result are consistent with research which are summarized that socially excluded people act prosocially in order to gain acceptance (Maner, DeWall, Baumeister, Schaller, 2007).